Merge branch 'master' into dev-getquery

2 years ago · c4c0b3745f
39 changed files with 2010 additions and 198 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/preview-docs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/preview-docs.yml
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
          rm -rf ./site
          mkdir ./site
      - name: Download Artifact Docs
-        uses: dawidd6/[email protected].2
+        uses: dawidd6/[email protected].3
        with:
          github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          workflow: build-docs.yml
--- a/.github/workflows/publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Build distribution
        run: python -m build
      - name: Publish
-        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.5.2
+        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.6.4
        with:
          password: ${{ secrets.PYPI_API_TOKEN }}
      - name: Dump GitHub context
--- a/.github/workflows/smokeshow.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/smokeshow.yml
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
      - run: pip install smokeshow
-      - uses: dawidd6/[email protected].2
+      - uses: dawidd6/[email protected].3
        with:
          workflow: test.yml
          commit: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_sha }}
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@ -75,3 +75,19 @@ jobs:
        with:
          name: coverage-html
          path: htmlcov
  # https://github.com/marketplace/actions/alls-green#why
  check:  # This job does nothing and is only used for the branch protection
    if: always()
    needs:
      - coverage-combine
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Decide whether the needed jobs succeeded or failed
        uses: re-actors/alls-green@release/v1
        with:
          jobs: ${{ toJSON(needs) }}
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ The key features are:
 <a href="https://bit.ly/3dmXC5S" target="_blank" title="The data structure for unstructured multimodal data"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/docarray.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://bit.ly/3JJ7y5C" target="_blank" title="Build cross-modal and multimodal applications on the cloud"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/jina2.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://cryptapi.io/" target="_blank" title="CryptAPI: Your easy to use, secure and privacy oriented payment gateway."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/cryptapi.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://doist.com/careers/9B437B1615-wa-senior-backend-engineer-python" target="_blank" title="Help us migrate doist to FastAPI"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/doist.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://www.deta.sh/?ref=fastapi" target="_blank" title="The launchpad for all your (team's) ideas"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/deta.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://www.investsuite.com/jobs" target="_blank" title="Wealthtech jobs with FastAPI"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/investsuite.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://training.talkpython.fm/fastapi-courses" target="_blank" title="FastAPI video courses on demand from people you trust"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/talkpython.png"></a>
@ -57,6 +56,7 @@ The key features are:
 <a href="https://github.com/deepset-ai/haystack/" target="_blank" title="Build powerful search from composable, open source building blocks"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/haystack-fastapi.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://www.udemy.com/course/fastapi-rest/" target="_blank" title="Learn FastAPI by building a complete project. Extend your knowledge on advanced web development-AWS, Payments, Emails."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/ines-course.jpg"></a>
 <a href="https://careers.budget-insight.com/" target="_blank" title="Budget Insight is hiring!"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/budget-insight.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://www.svix.com/" target="_blank" title="Svix - Webhooks as a service"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/svix.svg"></a>
 <!-- /sponsors -->
--- a/docs/en/data/external_links.yml
+++ b/docs/en/data/external_links.yml
@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 articles:
  english:
  - author: Teresa N. Fontanella De Santis
    author_link: https://dev.to/
    link: https://dev.to/teresafds/authorization-on-fastapi-with-casbin-41og
    title: Authorization on FastAPI with Casbin
  - author: WayScript
    author_link: https://www.wayscript.com
    link: https://blog.wayscript.com/fast-api-quickstart/
--- a/docs/en/data/github_sponsors.yml
+++ b/docs/en/data/github_sponsors.yml
@ -2,15 +2,9 @@ sponsors:
 - - login: jina-ai
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/60539444?v=4
    url: https://github.com/jina-ai
- - login: Doist
+- - login: cryptapi
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2565372?v=4
    url: https://github.com/Doist
  - login: cryptapi
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/44925437?u=61369138589bc7fee6c417f3fbd50fbd38286cc4&v=4
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@ -32,24 +26,21 @@ sponsors:
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    url: https://github.com/investsuite
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@ -65,12 +56,12 @@ sponsors:
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@ -80,6 +71,9 @@ sponsors:
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    url: https://github.com/Lovage-Labs
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@ -95,6 +89,9 @@ sponsors:
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@ -107,12 +104,15 @@ sponsors:
  - login: primer-io
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/62146168?v=4
    url: https://github.com/primer-io
- - login: indeedeng
+- - login: guivaloz
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1296621?u=bc4fc28f96c654aa2be7be051d03a315951e2491&v=4
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  - login: indeedeng
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2905043?v=4
    url: https://github.com/indeedeng
-  - login: A-Edge
+  - login: fratambot
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/59514131?v=4
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/20300069?u=41c85ea08960c8a8f0ce967b780e242b1454690c&v=4
-    url: https://github.com/A-Edge
+    url: https://github.com/fratambot
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@ -152,9 +152,6 @@ sponsors:
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@ -218,12 +215,6 @@ sponsors:
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-  - login: bapi24
+  - login: jacobkrit
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@ -278,11 +269,8 @@ sponsors:
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@ -317,9 +305,6 @@ sponsors:
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@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
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--- a/docs/en/data/sponsors.yml
+++ b/docs/en/data/sponsors.yml
@ -8,9 +8,6 @@ gold:
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    title: "CryptAPI: Your easy to use, secure and privacy oriented payment gateway."
    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/cryptapi.svg
  - url: https://doist.com/careers/9B437B1615-wa-senior-backend-engineer-python
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    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/doist.svg
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    title: The launchpad for all your (team's) ideas
@ -33,6 +30,9 @@ silver:
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    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/budget-insight.svg
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--- a/docs/en/docs/async.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/async.md
@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ For example:
 ### Concurrency + Parallelism: Web + Machine Learning
-With **FastAPI** you can take the advantage of concurrency that is very common for web development (the same main attractive of NodeJS).
+With **FastAPI** you can take the advantage of concurrency that is very common for web development (the same main attraction of NodeJS).
 But you can also exploit the benefits of parallelism and multiprocessing (having multiple processes running in parallel) for **CPU bound** workloads like those in Machine Learning systems.
--- a/docs/en/docs/deployment/concepts.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/deployment/concepts.md
@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ Here are some possible combinations and strategies:
    * One Uvicorn **process manager** would listen on the **IP** and **port**, and it would start **multiple Uvicorn worker processes**
 * **Kubernetes** and other distributed **container systems**
    * Something in the **Kubernetes** layer would listen on the **IP** and **port**. The replication would be by having **multiple containers**, each with **one Uvicorn process** running
-* **Cloud services** that handle this for your
+* **Cloud services** that handle this for you
    * The cloud service will probably **handle replication for you**. It would possibly let you define **a process to run**, or a **container image** to use, in any case, it would most probably be **a single Uvicorn process**, and the cloud service would be in charge of replicating it.
 !!! tip
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--- a/docs/en/docs/release-notes.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/release-notes.md
@ -2,6 +2,68 @@
 ## Latest Changes
 ## 0.89.0
 ### Features
 * ✨ Add support for function return type annotations to declare the `response_model`. Initial PR [#1436](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1436) by [@uriyyo](https://github.com/uriyyo).
 Now you can declare the return type / `response_model` in the function return type annotation:
 ```python
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
@app.get("/items/")
 async def read_items() -> list[Item]:
    return [
        Item(name="Portal Gun", price=42.0),
        Item(name="Plumbus", price=32.0),
    ]
 ```
 FastAPI will use the return type annotation to perform:
 * Data validation
 * Automatic documentation
    * It could power automatic client generators
 * **Data filtering**
 Before this version it was only supported via the `response_model` parameter.
 Read more about it in the new docs: [Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
 ### Docs
 * 📝 Add External Link: Authorization on FastAPI with Casbin. PR [#5712](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5712) by [@Xhy-5000](https://github.com/Xhy-5000).
 * ✏ Fix typo in `docs/en/docs/async.md`. PR [#5785](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5785) by [@Kingdageek](https://github.com/Kingdageek).
 * ✏ Fix typo in `docs/en/docs/deployment/concepts.md`. PR [#5824](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5824) by [@kelbyfaessler](https://github.com/kelbyfaessler).
 ### Translations
 * 🌐 Add Russian translation for `docs/ru/docs/fastapi-people.md`. PR [#5577](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5577) by [@Xewus](https://github.com/Xewus).
 * 🌐 Fix typo in Chinese translation for `docs/zh/docs/benchmarks.md`. PR [#4269](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4269) by [@15027668g](https://github.com/15027668g).
 * 🌐 Add Korean translation for `docs/tutorial/cors.md`. PR [#3764](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3764) by [@NinaHwang](https://github.com/NinaHwang).
 ### Internal
 * ⬆ Update coverage[toml] requirement from <7.0,>=6.5.0 to >=6.5.0,<8.0. PR [#5801](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5801) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * ⬆ Update uvicorn[standard] requirement from <0.19.0,>=0.12.0 to >=0.12.0,<0.21.0 for development. PR [#5795](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5795) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * ⬆ Bump dawidd6/action-download-artifact from 2.24.2 to 2.24.3. PR [#5842](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5842) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * 👥 Update FastAPI People. PR [#5825](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5825) by [@github-actions[bot]](https://github.com/apps/github-actions).
 * ⬆ Bump types-ujson from 5.5.0 to 5.6.0.0. PR [#5735](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5735) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * ⬆ Bump pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish from 1.5.2 to 1.6.4. PR [#5750](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5750) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * 👷 Add GitHub Action gate/check. PR [#5492](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5492) by [@webknjaz](https://github.com/webknjaz).
 * 🔧 Update sponsors, add Svix. PR [#5848](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5848) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🔧 Remove Doist sponsor. PR [#5847](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5847) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * ⬆ Update sqlalchemy requirement from <=1.4.41,>=1.3.18 to >=1.3.18,<1.4.43. PR [#5540](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5540) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * ⬆ Bump nwtgck/actions-netlify from 1.2.4 to 2.0.0. PR [#5757](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5757) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * 👷 Refactor CI artifact upload/download for docs previews. PR [#5793](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5793) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/response-model.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/response-model.md
@ -1,6 +1,51 @@
-# Response Model
+# Response Model - Return Type
-You can declare the model used for the response with the parameter `response_model` in any of the *path operations*:
+You can declare the type used for the response by annotating the *path operation function* **return type**.
 You can use **type annotations** the same way you would for input data in function **parameters**, you can use Pydantic models, lists, dictionaries, scalar values like integers, booleans, etc.
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
    ```Python hl_lines="18  23"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01.py!}
    ```
 === "Python 3.9 and above"
    ```Python hl_lines="18  23"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01_py39.py!}
    ```
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
    ```Python hl_lines="16  21"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01_py310.py!}
    ```
 FastAPI will use this return type to:
 * **Validate** the returned data.
    * If the data is invalid (e.g. you are missing a field), it means that *your* app code is broken, not returning what it should, and it will return a server error instead of returning incorrect data. This way you and your clients can be certain that they will receive the data and the data shape expected.
 * Add a **JSON Schema** for the response, in the OpenAPI *path operation*.
    * This will be used by the **automatic docs**.
    * It will also be used by automatic client code generation tools.
 But most importantly:
 * It will **limit and filter** the output data to what is defined in the return type.
    * This is particularly important for **security**, we'll see more of that below.
 ## `response_model` Parameter
 There are some cases where you need or want to return some data that is not exactly what the type declares.
 For example, you could want to **return a dictionary** or a database object, but **declare it as a Pydantic model**. This way the Pydantic model would do all the data documentation, validation, etc. for the object that you returned (e.g. a dictionary or database object).
 If you added the return type annotation, tools and editors would complain with a (correct) error telling you that your function is returning a type (e.g. a dict) that is different from what you declared (e.g. a Pydantic model).
 In those cases, you can use the *path operation decorator* parameter `response_model` instead of the return type.
 You can use the `response_model` parameter in any of the *path operations*:
 * `@app.get()`
 * `@app.post()`
@ -10,40 +55,39 @@ You can declare the model used for the response with the parameter `response_mod
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="17"
+    ```Python hl_lines="17  22  24-27"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001.py!}
    ```
 === "Python 3.9 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="17"
+    ```Python hl_lines="17  22  24-27"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_py39.py!}
    ```
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="15"
+    ```Python hl_lines="17  22  24-27"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_py310.py!}
    ```
 !!! note
    Notice that `response_model` is a parameter of the "decorator" method (`get`, `post`, etc). Not of your *path operation function*, like all the parameters and body.
-It receives the same type you would declare for a Pydantic model attribute, so, it can be a Pydantic model, but it can also be, e.g. a `list` of Pydantic models, like `List[Item]`.
+`response_model` receives the same type you would declare for a Pydantic model field, so, it can be a Pydantic model, but it can also be, e.g. a `list` of Pydantic models, like `List[Item]`.
 FastAPI will use this `response_model` to do all the data documentation, validation, etc. and also to **convert and filter the output data** to its type declaration.
-FastAPI will use this `response_model` to:
+!!! tip
    If you have strict type checks in your editor, mypy, etc, you can declare the function return type as `Any`.
-* Convert the output data to its type declaration.
+    That way you tell the editor that you are intentionally returning anything. But FastAPI will still do the data documentation, validation, filtering, etc. with the `response_model`.
 * Validate the data.
 * Add a JSON Schema for the response, in the OpenAPI *path operation*.
 * Will be used by the automatic documentation systems.
-But most importantly:
+### `response_model` Priority
-* Will limit the output data to that of the model. We'll see how that's important below.
+If you declare both a return type and a `response_model`, the `response_model` will take priority and be used by FastAPI.
-!!! note "Technical Details"
+This way you can add correct type annotations to your functions even when you are returning a type different than the response model, to be used by the editor and tools like mypy. And still you can have FastAPI do the data validation, documentation, etc. using the `response_model`.
    The response model is declared in this parameter instead of as a function return type annotation, because the path function may not actually return that response model but rather return a `dict`, database object or some other model, and then use the `response_model` to perform the field limiting and serialization.
 ## Return the same input data
@ -71,24 +115,24 @@ And we are using this model to declare our input and the same model to declare o
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="17-18"
+    ```Python hl_lines="18"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial002.py!}
    ```
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="15-16"
+    ```Python hl_lines="16"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial002_py310.py!}
    ```
 Now, whenever a browser is creating a user with a password, the API will return the same password in the response.
-In this case, it might not be a problem, because the user themself is sending the password.
+In this case, it might not be a problem, because it's the same user sending the password.
 But if we use the same model for another *path operation*, we could be sending our user's passwords to every client.
 !!! danger
-    Never store the plain password of a user or send it in a response.
+    Never store the plain password of a user or send it in a response like this, unless you know all the caveats and you know what you are doing.
 ## Add an output model
@ -102,7 +146,7 @@ We can instead create an input model with the plaintext password and an output m
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="7  9  14"
+    ```Python hl_lines="9  11  16"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_py310.py!}
    ```
@ -116,7 +160,7 @@ Here, even though our *path operation function* is returning the same input user
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="22"
+    ```Python hl_lines="24"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_py310.py!}
    ```
@ -130,12 +174,66 @@ Here, even though our *path operation function* is returning the same input user
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="20"
+    ```Python hl_lines="22"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_py310.py!}
    ```
 So, **FastAPI** will take care of filtering out all the data that is not declared in the output model (using Pydantic).
 ### `response_model` or Return Type
 In this case, because the two models are different, if we annotated the function return type as `UserOut`, the editor and tools would complain that we are returning an invalid type, as those are different classes.
 That's why in this example we have to declare it in the `response_model` parameter.
 ...but continue reading below to see how to overcome that.
 ## Return Type and Data Filtering
 Let's continue from the previous example. We wanted to **annotate the function with one type** but return something that includes **more data**.
 We want FastAPI to keep **filtering** the data using the response model.
 In the previous example, because the classes were different, we had to use the `response_model` parameter. But that also means that we don't get the support from the editor and tools checking the function return type.
 But in most of the cases where we need to do something like this, we want the model just to **filter/remove** some of the data as in this example.
 And in those cases, we can use classes and inheritance to take advantage of function **type annotations** to get better support in the editor and tools, and still get the FastAPI **data filtering**.
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
    ```Python hl_lines="9-13  15-16  20"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_01.py!}
    ```
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
    ```Python hl_lines="7-10  13-14  18"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_01_py310.py!}
    ```
 With this, we get tooling support, from editors and mypy as this code is correct in terms of types, but we also get the data filtering from FastAPI.
 How does this work? Let's check that out. 🤓
 ### Type Annotations and Tooling
 First let's see how editors, mypy and other tools would see this.
 `BaseUser` has the base fields. Then `UserIn` inherits from `BaseUser` and adds the `password` field, so, it will include all the fields from both models.
 We annotate the function return type as `BaseUser`, but we are actually returning a `UserIn` instance.
 The editor, mypy, and other tools won't complain about this because, in typing terms, `UserIn` is a subclass of `BaseUser`, which means it's a *valid* type when what is expected is anything that is a `BaseUser`.
 ### FastAPI Data Filtering
 Now, for FastAPI, it will see the return type and make sure that what you return includes **only** the fields that are declared in the type.
 FastAPI does several things internally with Pydantic to make sure that those same rules of class inheritance are not used for the returned data filtering, otherwise you could end up returning much more data than what you expected.
 This way, you can get the best of both worlds: type annotations with **tooling support** and **data filtering**.
 ## See it in the docs
 When you see the automatic docs, you can check that the input model and output model will both have their own JSON Schema:
--- a/docs/en/overrides/main.html
+++ b/docs/en/overrides/main.html
@ -34,12 +34,6 @@
        <img class="sponsor-image" src="/img/sponsors/cryptapi-banner.svg" />
      </a>
    </div>
    <div class="item">
      <a title="Help us migrate doist to FastAPI" style="display: block; position: relative;" href="https://doist.com/careers/9B437B1615-wa-senior-backend-engineer-python" target="_blank">
        <span class="sponsor-badge">sponsor</span>
        <img class="sponsor-image" src="/img/sponsors/doist-banner.svg" />
      </a>
    </div>
    <div class="item">
      <a title="Build cross-modal and multimodal applications on the cloud" style="display: block; position: relative;" href="https://bit.ly/3dphxRq" target="_blank">
        <span class="sponsor-badge">sponsor</span>
--- a/docs/ko/docs/tutorial/cors.md
+++ b/docs/ko/docs/tutorial/cors.md
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
 # 교차 출처 리소스 공유
 <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS" class="external-link" target="_blank">CORS 또는 "교차-출처 리소스 공유"</a>란, 브라우저에서 동작하는 프론트엔드가 자바스크립트로 코드로 백엔드와 통신하고, 백엔드는 해당 프론트엔드와 다른 "출처"에 존재하는 상황을 의미합니다.
 ## 출처
 출처란 프로토콜(`http` , `https`), 도메인(`myapp.com`, `localhost`, `localhost.tiangolo.com` ), 그리고 포트(`80`, `443`, `8080` )의 조합을 의미합니다.
 따라서, 아래는 모두 상이한 출처입니다:
 * `http://localhost`
 * `https://localhost`
 * `http://localhost:8080`
 모두 `localhost` 에 있지만, 서로 다른 프로토콜과 포트를 사용하고 있으므로 다른 "출처"입니다.
 ## 단계
 브라우저 내 `http://localhost:8080`에서 동작하는 프론트엔드가 있고, 자바스크립트는 `http://localhost`를 통해 백엔드와 통신한다고 가정해봅시다(포트를 명시하지 않는 경우, 브라우저는 `80` 을 기본 포트로 간주합니다).
 그러면 브라우저는 백엔드에 HTTP `OPTIONS` 요청을 보내고, 백엔드에서 이 다른 출처(`http://localhost:8080`)와의 통신을 허가하는 적절한 헤더를 보내면, 브라우저는 프론트엔드의 자바스크립트가 백엔드에 요청을 보낼 수 있도록 합니다.
 이를 위해, 백엔드는 "허용된 출처(allowed origins)" 목록을 가지고 있어야만 합니다.
 이 경우, 프론트엔드가 제대로 동작하기 위해 `http://localhost:8080`을 목록에 포함해야 합니다.
 ## 와일드카드
 모든 출처를 허용하기 위해 목록을 `"*"` ("와일드카드")로 선언하는 것도 가능합니다.
 하지만 이것은 특정한 유형의 통신만을 허용하며, 쿠키 및 액세스 토큰과 사용되는 인증 헤더(Authoriztion header) 등이 포함된 경우와 같이 자격 증명(credentials)이 포함된 통신은 허용되지 않습니다.
 따라서 모든 작업을 의도한대로 실행하기 위해, 허용되는 출처를 명시적으로 지정하는 것이 좋습니다.
 ## `CORSMiddleware` 사용
 `CORSMiddleware` 을 사용하여 **FastAPI** 응용 프로그램의 교차 출처 리소스 공유 환경을 설정할 수 있습니다.
 * `CORSMiddleware` 임포트.
 * 허용되는 출처(문자열 형식)의 리스트 생성.
 * FastAPI 응용 프로그램에 "미들웨어(middleware)"로 추가.
 백엔드에서 다음의 사항을 허용할지에 대해 설정할 수도 있습니다:
 * 자격증명 (인증 헤더, 쿠키 등).
 * 특정한 HTTP 메소드(`POST`, `PUT`) 또는 와일드카드 `"*"` 를 사용한 모든 HTTP 메소드.
 * 특정한 HTTP 헤더 또는 와일드카드 `"*"` 를 사용한 모든 HTTP 헤더.
 ```Python hl_lines="2  6-11  13-19"
 {!../../../docs_src/cors/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 `CORSMiddleware` 에서 사용하는 기본 매개변수는 제한적이므로, 브라우저가 교차-도메인 상황에서 특정한 출처, 메소드, 헤더 등을 사용할 수 있도록 하려면 이들을 명시적으로 허용해야 합니다.
 다음의 인자들이 지원됩니다:
 * `allow_origins` - 교차-출처 요청을 보낼 수 있는 출처의 리스트입니다. 예) `['https://example.org', 'https://www.example.org']`. 모든 출처를 허용하기 위해 `['*']` 를 사용할 수 있습니다.
 * `allow_origin_regex` - 교차-출처 요청을 보낼 수 있는 출처를 정규표현식 문자열로 나타냅니다.  `'https://.*\.example\.org'`.
 * `allow_methods` - 교차-출처 요청을 허용하는 HTTP 메소드의 리스트입니다. 기본값은 `['GET']` 입니다. `['*']` 을 사용하여 모든 표준 메소드들을 허용할 수 있습니다.
 * `allow_headers` - 교차-출처를 지원하는 HTTP 요청 헤더의 리스트입니다. 기본값은 `[]` 입니다. 모든 헤더들을 허용하기 위해 `['*']` 를 사용할 수 있습니다. `Accept`, `Accept-Language`, `Content-Language` 그리고 `Content-Type` 헤더는 CORS 요청시 언제나 허용됩니다.
 * `allow_credentials` - 교차-출처 요청시 쿠키 지원 여부를 설정합니다. 기본값은 `False` 입니다. 또한 해당 항목을 허용할 경우 `allow_origins` 는 `['*']` 로 설정할 수 없으며, 출처를 반드시 특정해야 합니다.
 * `expose_headers` - 브라우저에 접근할 수 있어야 하는 모든 응답 헤더를 가리킵니다. 기본값은 `[]` 입니다.
 * `max_age` - 브라우저가 CORS 응답을 캐시에 저장하는 최대 시간을 초 단위로 설정합니다. 기본값은 `600` 입니다.
 미들웨어는 두가지 특정한 종류의 HTTP 요청에 응답합니다...
 ### CORS 사전 요청
 `Origin` 및 `Access-Control-Request-Method` 헤더와 함께 전송하는 모든 `OPTIONS` 요청입니다.
 이 경우 미들웨어는 들어오는 요청을 가로채 적절한 CORS 헤더와, 정보 제공을 위한 `200` 또는 `400` 응답으로 응답합니다.
 ### 단순한 요청
 `Origin` 헤더를 가진 모든 요청. 이 경우 미들웨어는 요청을 정상적으로 전달하지만, 적절한 CORS 헤더를 응답에 포함시킵니다.
 ## 더 많은 정보
 <abbr title="교차-출처 리소스 공유">CORS</abbr>에 대한 더 많은 정보를 알고싶다면, <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/ko/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS" class="external-link" target="_blank">Mozilla CORS 문서</a>를 참고하기 바랍니다.
 !!! note "기술적 세부 사항"
    `from starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware` 역시 사용할 수 있습니다.
    **FastAPI**는 개발자인 당신의 편의를 위해 `fastapi.middleware` 에서 몇가지의 미들웨어를 제공합니다. 하지만 대부분의 미들웨어가 Stralette으로부터 직접 제공됩니다.
--- a/docs/ko/mkdocs.yml
+++ b/docs/ko/mkdocs.yml
@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ nav:
  - tutorial/request-files.md
  - tutorial/request-forms-and-files.md
  - tutorial/encoder.md
  - tutorial/cors.md
 markdown_extensions:
 - toc:
    permalink: true
--- a/docs/ru/docs/fastapi-people.md
+++ b/docs/ru/docs/fastapi-people.md
@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
 # Люди, поддерживающие FastAPI
 У FastAPI замечательное сообщество, которое доброжелательно к людям с любым уровнем знаний.
 ## Создатель и хранитель
 Ку! 👋
 Это я:
 {% if people %}
 <div class="user-list user-list-center">
 {% for user in people.maintainers %}
 <div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Answers: {{ user.answers }}</div><div class="count">Pull Requests: {{ user.prs }}</div></div>
 {% endfor %}
 </div>
 {% endif %}
 Я создал и продолжаю поддерживать **FastAPI**. Узнать обо мне больше можно тут [Помочь FastAPI - Получить помощь - Связаться с автором](help-fastapi.md#connect-with-the-author){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 ... но на этой странице я хочу показать вам наше сообщество.
 ---
 **FastAPI** получает огромную поддержку от своего сообщества. И я хочу отметить вклад его участников.
 Это люди, которые:
 * [Помогают другим с их проблемами (вопросами) на GitHub](help-fastapi.md#help-others-with-issues-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 * [Создают пул-реквесты](help-fastapi.md#create-a-pull-request){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 * Делают ревью пул-реквестов, [что особенно важно для переводов на другие языки](contributing.md#translations){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 Поаплодируем им! 👏 🙇
 ## Самые активные участники за прошедший месяц
 Эти участники [оказали наибольшую помощь другим с решением их проблем (вопросов) на GitHub](help-fastapi.md#help-others-with-issues-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank} в течение последнего месяца. ☕
 {% if people %}
 <div class="user-list user-list-center">
 {% for user in people.last_month_active %}
 <div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Issues replied: {{ user.count }}</div></div>
 {% endfor %}
 </div>
 {% endif %}
 ## Эксперты
 Здесь представлены **Эксперты FastAPI**. 🤓
 Эти участники [оказали наибольшую помощь другим с решением их проблем (вопросов) на GitHub](help-fastapi.md#help-others-with-issues-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank} за *всё время*.
 Оказывая помощь многим другим, они подтвердили свой уровень знаний. ✨
 {% if people %}
 <div class="user-list user-list-center">
 {% for user in people.experts %}
 <div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Issues replied: {{ user.count }}</div></div>
 {% endfor %}
 </div>
 {% endif %}
 ## Рейтинг участников, внёсших вклад в код
 Здесь представлен **Рейтинг участников, внёсших вклад в код**. 👷
 Эти люди [сделали наибольшее количество пул-реквестов](help-fastapi.md#create-a-pull-request){.internal-link target=_blank}, *включённых в основной код*.
 Они сделали наибольший вклад в исходный код, документацию, переводы и т.п. 📦
 {% if people %}
 <div class="user-list user-list-center">
 {% for user in people.top_contributors %}
 <div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Pull Requests: {{ user.count }}</div></div>
 {% endfor %}
 </div>
 {% endif %}
 На самом деле таких людей довольно много (более сотни), вы можете увидеть всех на этой странице <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/graphs/contributors" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI GitHub Contributors page</a>. 👷
 ## Рейтинг ревьюеров
 Здесь представлен **Рейтинг ревьюеров**. 🕵️
 ### Проверки переводов на другие языки
 Я знаю не очень много языков (и не очень хорошо 😅).
 Итак, ревьюеры - это люди, которые могут [**подтвердить предложенный вами перевод** документации](contributing.md#translations){.internal-link target=_blank}. Без них не было бы документации на многих языках.
 ---
 В **Рейтинге ревьюеров** 🕵️ представлены те, кто проверил наибольшее количество пул-реквестов других участников, обеспечивая качество кода, документации и, особенно, **переводов на другие языки**.
 {% if people %}
 <div class="user-list user-list-center">
 {% for user in people.top_reviewers %}
 <div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Reviews: {{ user.count }}</div></div>
 {% endfor %}
 </div>
 {% endif %}
 ## Спонсоры
 Здесь представлены **Спонсоры**. 😎
 Спонсоры поддерживают мою работу над **FastAPI** (и другими проектами) главным образом через <a href="https://github.com/sponsors/tiangolo" class="external-link" target="_blank">GitHub Sponsors</a>.
 {% if sponsors %}
 {% if sponsors.gold %}
 ### Золотые спонсоры
 {% for sponsor in sponsors.gold -%}
 <a href="{{ sponsor.url }}" target="_blank" title="{{ sponsor.title }}"><img src="{{ sponsor.img }}" style="border-radius:15px"></a>
 {% endfor %}
 {% endif %}
 {% if sponsors.silver %}
 ### Серебрянные спонсоры
 {% for sponsor in sponsors.silver -%}
 <a href="{{ sponsor.url }}" target="_blank" title="{{ sponsor.title }}"><img src="{{ sponsor.img }}" style="border-radius:15px"></a>
 {% endfor %}
 {% endif %}
 {% if sponsors.bronze %}
 ### Бронзовые спонсоры
 {% for sponsor in sponsors.bronze -%}
 <a href="{{ sponsor.url }}" target="_blank" title="{{ sponsor.title }}"><img src="{{ sponsor.img }}" style="border-radius:15px"></a>
 {% endfor %}
 {% endif %}
 {% endif %}
 ### Индивидуальные спонсоры
 {% if github_sponsors %}
 {% for group in github_sponsors.sponsors %}
 <div class="user-list user-list-center">
 {% for user in group %}
 {% if user.login not in sponsors_badge.logins %}
 <div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a></div>
 {% endif %}
 {% endfor %}
 </div>
 {% endfor %}
 {% endif %}
 ## О данных - технические детали
 Основная цель этой страницы - подчеркнуть усилия сообщества по оказанию помощи другим.
 Особенно это касается усилий, которые обычно менее заметны и во многих случаях более трудоемки, таких как помощь другим в решении проблем и проверка пул-реквестов с переводами.
 Данные рейтинги подсчитываются каждый месяц, ознакомиться с тем, как это работает можно <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/blob/master/.github/actions/people/app/main.py" class="external-link" target="_blank">тут</a>.
 Кроме того, я также подчеркиваю вклад спонсоров.
 И я оставляю за собой право обновлять алгоритмы подсчёта, виды рейтингов, пороговые значения и т.д. (так, на всякий случай 🤷).
--- a/docs/zh/docs/benchmarks.md
+++ b/docs/zh/docs/benchmarks.md
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # 基准测试
-第三方机构 TechEmpower 的基准测试表明在 Uvicorn 下运行的 **FastAPI** 应用程序是 <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" class="external-link" target="_blank">可用的最快的 Python 框架之一</a>，仅次与 Starlette 和 Uvicorn 本身 (由 FastAPI 内部使用）。(*)
+第三方机构 TechEmpower 的基准测试表明在 Uvicorn 下运行的 **FastAPI** 应用程序是 <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" class="external-link" target="_blank">可用的最快的 Python 框架之一</a>，仅次于 Starlette 和 Uvicorn 本身 (由 FastAPI 内部使用）。(*)
 但是在查看基准得分和对比时，请注意以下几点。
--- a/docs/zh/docs/index.md
+++ b/docs/zh/docs/index.md
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ FastAPI 是一个用于构建 API 的现代、快速（高性能）的 web 框
 关键特性:
-* **快速**：可与 **NodeJS** 和 **Go** 比肩的极高性能（归功于 Starlette 和 Pydantic）。[最快的 Python web 框架之一](#_11)。
+* **快速**：可与 **NodeJS** 和 **Go** 并肩的极高性能（归功于 Starlette 和 Pydantic）。[最快的 Python web 框架之一](#_11)。
 * **高效编码**：提高功能开发速度约 200％ 至 300％。*
 * **更少 bug**：减少约 40％ 的人为（开发者）导致错误。*
--- a/docs_src/response_model/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs_src/response_model/tutorial001.py
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import List, Union
+from typing import Any, List, Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@ -15,5 +15,13 @@ class Item(BaseModel):
@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
-async def create_item(item: Item):
+async def create_item(item: Item) -> Any:
    return item
@app.get("/items/", response_model=List[Item])
 async def read_items() -> Any:
    return [
        {"name": "Portal Gun", "price": 42.0},
        {"name": "Plumbus", "price": 32.0},
    ]
--- a/docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01.py
+++ b/docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01.py
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
 from typing import List, Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: List[str] = []
@app.post("/items/")
 async def create_item(item: Item) -> Item:
    return item
@app.get("/items/")
 async def read_items() -> List[Item]:
    return [
        Item(name="Portal Gun", price=42.0),
        Item(name="Plumbus", price=32.0),
    ]
--- a/docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01_py310.py
+++ b/docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01_py310.py
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: list[str] = []
@app.post("/items/")
 async def create_item(item: Item) -> Item:
    return item
@app.get("/items/")
 async def read_items() -> list[Item]:
    return [
        Item(name="Portal Gun", price=42.0),
        Item(name="Plumbus", price=32.0),
    ]
--- a/docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01_py39.py
+++ b/docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01_py39.py
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
 from typing import Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: list[str] = []
@app.post("/items/")
 async def create_item(item: Item) -> Item:
    return item
@app.get("/items/")
 async def read_items() -> list[Item]:
    return [
        Item(name="Portal Gun", price=42.0),
        Item(name="Plumbus", price=32.0),
    ]
--- a/docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_py310.py
+++ b/docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_py310.py
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 from typing import Any
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@ -13,5 +15,13 @@ class Item(BaseModel):
@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
-async def create_item(item: Item):
+async def create_item(item: Item) -> Any:
    return item
@app.get("/items/", response_model=list[Item])
 async def read_items() -> Any:
    return [
        {"name": "Portal Gun", "price": 42.0},
        {"name": "Plumbus", "price": 32.0},
    ]
--- a/docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_py39.py
+++ b/docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_py39.py
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Union
+from typing import Any, Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@ -15,5 +15,13 @@ class Item(BaseModel):
@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
-async def create_item(item: Item):
+async def create_item(item: Item) -> Any:
    return item
@app.get("/items/", response_model=list[Item])
 async def read_items() -> Any:
    return [
        {"name": "Portal Gun", "price": 42.0},
        {"name": "Plumbus", "price": 32.0},
    ]
--- a/docs_src/response_model/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs_src/response_model/tutorial002.py
@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ class UserIn(BaseModel):
 # Don't do this in production!
-@app.post("/user/", response_model=UserIn)
+@app.post("/user/")
-async def create_user(user: UserIn):
+async def create_user(user: UserIn) -> UserIn:
    return user
--- a/docs_src/response_model/tutorial002_py310.py
+++ b/docs_src/response_model/tutorial002_py310.py
@ -12,6 +12,6 @@ class UserIn(BaseModel):
 # Don't do this in production!
-@app.post("/user/", response_model=UserIn)
+@app.post("/user/")
-async def create_user(user: UserIn):
+async def create_user(user: UserIn) -> UserIn:
    return user
--- a/docs_src/response_model/tutorial003.py
+++ b/docs_src/response_model/tutorial003.py
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Union
+from typing import Any, Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ class UserOut(BaseModel):
@app.post("/user/", response_model=UserOut)
-async def create_user(user: UserIn):
+async def create_user(user: UserIn) -> Any:
    return user
--- a/docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_01.py
+++ b/docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_01.py
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
 from typing import Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
 app = FastAPI()
 class BaseUser(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: EmailStr
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
 class UserIn(BaseUser):
    password: str
@app.post("/user/")
 async def create_user(user: UserIn) -> BaseUser:
    return user
--- a/docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_01_py310.py
+++ b/docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_01_py310.py
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
 app = FastAPI()
 class BaseUser(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: EmailStr
    full_name: str | None = None
 class UserIn(BaseUser):
    password: str
@app.post("/user/")
 async def create_user(user: UserIn) -> BaseUser:
    return user
--- a/docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_py310.py
+++ b/docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_py310.py
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 from typing import Any
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
@ -18,5 +20,5 @@ class UserOut(BaseModel):
@app.post("/user/", response_model=UserOut)
-async def create_user(user: UserIn):
+async def create_user(user: UserIn) -> Any:
    return user
--- a/fastapi/init.py
+++ b/fastapi/init.py
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"""
-__version__ = "0.88.0"
+__version__ = "0.89.0"
 from starlette import status as status
--- a/fastapi/applications.py
+++ b/fastapi/applications.py
@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        path: str,
        endpoint: Callable[..., Coroutine[Any, Any, Response]],
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@ -820,7 +820,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
--- a/fastapi/dependencies/utils.py
+++ b/fastapi/dependencies/utils.py
@ -285,14 +285,24 @@ def get_typed_signature(call: Callable[..., Any]) -> inspect.Signature:
    return typed_signature
-def get_typed_annotation(param: inspect.Parameter, globalns: Dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+def get_typed_annotation(annotation: Any, globalns: Dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
    annotation = param.annotation
    if isinstance(annotation, str):
        annotation = ForwardRef(annotation)
        annotation = evaluate_forwardref(annotation, globalns, globalns)
    return annotation
 def get_typed_return_annotation(call: Callable[..., Any]) -> Any:
    signature = inspect.signature(call)
    annotation = signature.return_annotation
    if annotation is inspect.Signature.empty:
        return None
    globalns = getattr(call, "__globals__", {})
    return get_typed_annotation(annotation, globalns)
 def get_dependant(
    *,
    path: str,
--- a/fastapi/routing.py
+++ b/fastapi/routing.py
@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ from fastapi.dependencies.utils import (
    get_body_field,
    get_dependant,
    get_parameterless_sub_dependant,
    get_typed_return_annotation,
    solve_dependencies,
 )
 from fastapi.encoders import DictIntStrAny, SetIntStr, jsonable_encoder
@ -323,7 +324,7 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
        path: str,
        endpoint: Callable[..., Any],
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@ -354,6 +355,8 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
    ) -> None:
        self.path = path
        self.endpoint = endpoint
        if isinstance(response_model, DefaultPlaceholder):
            response_model = get_typed_return_annotation(endpoint)
        self.response_model = response_model
        self.summary = summary
        self.response_description = response_description
@ -519,7 +522,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        path: str,
        endpoint: Callable[..., Any],
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@ -600,7 +603,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@ -795,7 +798,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@ -851,7 +854,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@ -907,7 +910,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@ -963,7 +966,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@ -1019,7 +1022,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@ -1075,7 +1078,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@ -1131,7 +1134,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@ -1187,7 +1190,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Documentation = "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/"
 [project.optional-dependencies]
 test = [
    "pytest >=7.1.3,<8.0.0",
-    "coverage[toml] >= 6.5.0,<7.0",
+    "coverage[toml] >= 6.5.0,< 8.0",
    "mypy ==0.982",
    "ruff ==0.0.138",
    "black == 22.10.0",
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ test = [
    "passlib[bcrypt] >=1.7.2,<2.0.0",
    # types
-    "types-ujson ==5.5.0",
+    "types-ujson ==5.6.0.0",
    "types-orjson ==3.6.2",
 ]
 doc = [
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ doc = [
 ]
 dev = [
    "ruff ==0.0.138",
-    "uvicorn[standard] >=0.12.0,<0.19.0",
+    "uvicorn[standard] >=0.12.0,<0.21.0",
    "pre-commit >=2.17.0,<3.0.0",
 ]
 all = [
--- a/tests/test_reponse_set_reponse_code_empty.py
+++ b/tests/test_reponse_set_reponse_code_empty.py
@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
@app.delete(
    "/{id}",
    status_code=204,
    response_model=None,
 )
 async def delete_deployment(
    id: int,
--- a/tests/test_response_model_as_return_annotation.py
+++ b/tests/test_response_model_as_return_annotation.py