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+# Return a Response Directly
+
+When you create a **FastAPI** *path operation* you can normally return any data from it: a `dict`, a `list`, a Pydantic model, a database model, etc.
+
+By default, **FastAPI** would automatically convert that return value to JSON using the `jsonable_encoder` explained in [JSON Compatible Encoder](../tutorial/encoder.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
+Then, behind the scenes, it would put that JSON-compatible data (e.g. a `dict`) inside of a `JSONResponse` that would be used to send the response to the client.
+
+But you can return a `JSONResponse` directly from your *path operations*.
+
+It might be useful, for example, to return custom headers or cookies.
+
+## Return a `Response`
+
+In fact, you can return any `Response` or any sub-class of it.
+
+!!! tip
+    `JSONResponse` itself is a sub-class of `Response`.
+
+And when you return a `Response`, **FastAPI** will pass it directly.
+
+It won't do any data conversion with Pydantic models, it won't convert the contents to any type, etc.
+
+This gives you a lot of flexibility. You can return any data type, override any data declaration or validation, etc.
+
+## Using the `jsonable_encoder` in a `Response`
+
+Because **FastAPI** doesn't do any change to a `Response` you return, you have to make sure it's contents are ready for it.
+
+For example, you cannot put a Pydantic model in a `JSONResponse` without first converting it to a `dict` with all the data types (like `datetime`, `UUID`, etc) converted to JSON-compatible types.
+
+For those cases, you can use the `jsonable_encoder` to convert your data before passing it to a response:
+
+```Python hl_lines="6-7  21-22"
+{!../../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    You could also use `from starlette.responses import JSONResponse`.
+
+    **FastAPI** provides the same `starlette.responses` as `fastapi.responses` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But most of the available responses come directly from Starlette.
+
+## Returning a custom `Response`
+
+The example above shows all the parts you need, but it's not very useful yet, as you could have just returned the `item` directly, and **FastAPI** would put it in a `JSONResponse` for you, converting it to a `dict`, etc. All that by default.
+
+Now, let's see how you could use that to return a custom response.
+
+Let's say that you want to return an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" class="external-link" target="_blank">XML</a> response.
+
+You could put your XML content in a string, put it in a `Response`, and return it:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1  18"
+{!../../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+## Notes
+
+When you return a `Response` directly its data is not validated, converted (serialized), nor documented automatically.
+
+But you can still document it as described in [Additional Responses in OpenAPI](additional-responses.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
+You can see in later sections how to use/declare these custom `Response`s while still having automatic data conversion, documentation, etc.