Merge branch 'master' into multipleAPIKeyHeaders

3 years ago · a86bd0850d
560 changed files with 9717 additions and 1862 deletions
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature-request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature-request.yml
@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ body:
        Thanks for your interest in FastAPI! 🚀
        Please follow these instructions, fill every question, and do every step. 🙏
-        
+
        I'm asking this because answering questions and solving problems in GitHub issues is what consumes most of the time.
-        
+
        I end up not being able to add new features, fix bugs, review pull requests, etc. as fast as I wish because I have to spend too much time handling issues.
        All that, on top of all the incredible help provided by a bunch of community members, the [FastAPI Experts](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/fastapi-people/#experts), that give a lot of their time to come here and help others.
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ body:
        That's a lot of work they are doing, but if more FastAPI users came to help others like them just a little bit more, it would be much less effort for them (and you and me 😅).
        By asking questions in a structured way (following this) it will be much easier to help you.
-        
+
        And there's a high chance that you will find the solution along the way and you won't even have to submit it and wait for an answer. 😎
        As there are too many issues with questions, I'll have to close the incomplete ones. That will allow me (and others) to focus on helping people like you that follow the whole process and help us help you. 🤓
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ body:
      label: Commit to Help
      description: |
        After submitting this, I commit to one of:
-          
+
          * Read open issues with questions until I find 2 issues where I can help someone and add a comment to help there.
          * I already hit the "watch" button in this repository to receive notifications and I commit to help at least 2 people that ask questions in the future.
          * Implement a Pull Request for a confirmed bug.
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.yml
@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ body:
        Thanks for your interest in FastAPI! 🚀
        Please follow these instructions, fill every question, and do every step. 🙏
-        
+
        I'm asking this because answering questions and solving problems in GitHub issues is what consumes most of the time.
-        
+
        I end up not being able to add new features, fix bugs, review pull requests, etc. as fast as I wish because I have to spend too much time handling issues.
        All that, on top of all the incredible help provided by a bunch of community members, the [FastAPI Experts](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/fastapi-people/#experts), that give a lot of their time to come here and help others.
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ body:
        That's a lot of work they are doing, but if more FastAPI users came to help others like them just a little bit more, it would be much less effort for them (and you and me 😅).
        By asking questions in a structured way (following this) it will be much easier to help you.
-        
+
        And there's a high chance that you will find the solution along the way and you won't even have to submit it and wait for an answer. 😎
        As there are too many issues with questions, I'll have to close the incomplete ones. That will allow me (and others) to focus on helping people like you that follow the whole process and help us help you. 🤓
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ body:
      label: Commit to Help
      description: |
        After submitting this, I commit to one of:
-          
+
          * Read open issues with questions until I find 2 issues where I can help someone and add a comment to help there.
          * I already hit the "watch" button in this repository to receive notifications and I commit to help at least 2 people that ask questions in the future.
          * Implement a Pull Request for a confirmed bug.
--- a/.github/actions/comment-docs-preview-in-pr/app/main.py
+++ b/.github/actions/comment-docs-preview-in-pr/app/main.py
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import logging
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 import httpx
 from github import Github
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ github_api = "https://api.github.com"
 class Settings(BaseSettings):
    github_repository: str
    github_event_path: Path
-    github_event_name: Optional[str] = None
+    github_event_name: Union[str, None] = None
    input_token: SecretStr
    input_deploy_url: str
@ -42,15 +42,13 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    except ValidationError as e:
        logging.error(f"Error parsing event file: {e.errors()}")
        sys.exit(0)
-    use_pr: Optional[PullRequest] = None
+    use_pr: Union[PullRequest, None] = None
    for pr in repo.get_pulls():
        if pr.head.sha == event.workflow_run.head_commit.id:
            use_pr = pr
            break
    if not use_pr:
-        logging.error(
+        logging.error(f"No PR found for hash: {event.workflow_run.head_commit.id}")
            f"No PR found for hash: {event.workflow_run.head_commit.id}"
        )
        sys.exit(0)
    github_headers = {
        "Authorization": f"token {settings.input_token.get_secret_value()}"
--- a/.github/actions/notify-translations/app/main.py
+++ b/.github/actions/notify-translations/app/main.py
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import logging
 import random
 import time
 from pathlib import Path
-import random
+from typing import Dict, Union
 from typing import Dict, Optional
 import yaml
 from github import Github
@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
    github_repository: str
    input_token: SecretStr
    github_event_path: Path
-    github_event_name: Optional[str] = None
+    github_event_name: Union[str, None] = None
-    input_debug: Optional[bool] = False
+    input_debug: Union[bool, None] = False
 class PartialGitHubEventIssue(BaseModel):
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    )
    if pr.state == "open":
        logging.debug(f"PR is open: {pr.number}")
-        label_strs = set([label.name for label in pr.get_labels()])
+        label_strs = {label.name for label in pr.get_labels()}
        if lang_all_label in label_strs and awaiting_label in label_strs:
            logging.info(
                f"This PR seems to be a language translation and awaiting reviews: {pr.number}"
--- a/.github/actions/notify-translations/app/translations.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/notify-translations/app/translations.yml
@ -8,8 +8,12 @@ uk: 1748
 tr: 1892
 fr: 1972
 ko: 2017
-sq: 2041
+fa: 2041
 pl: 3169
 de: 3716
 id: 3717
 az: 3994
 nl: 4701
 uz: 4883
 sv: 5146
 he: 5157
--- a/.github/actions/people/app/main.py
+++ b/.github/actions/people/app/main.py
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import sys
 from collections import Counter, defaultdict
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Container, DefaultDict, Dict, List, Optional, Set
+from typing import Container, DefaultDict, Dict, List, Set, Union
 import httpx
 import yaml
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from pydantic import BaseModel, BaseSettings, SecretStr
 github_graphql_url = "https://api.github.com/graphql"
 issues_query = """
-query Q($after: String) { 
+query Q($after: String) {
  repository(name: "fastapi", owner: "tiangolo") {
    issues(first: 100, after: $after) {
      edges {
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ query Q($after: String) {
 """
 prs_query = """
-query Q($after: String) { 
+query Q($after: String) {
  repository(name: "fastapi", owner: "tiangolo") {
    pullRequests(first: 100, after: $after) {
      edges {
@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class Author(BaseModel):
 class CommentsNode(BaseModel):
    createdAt: datetime
-    author: Optional[Author] = None
+    author: Union[Author, None] = None
 class Comments(BaseModel):
@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class Comments(BaseModel):
 class IssuesNode(BaseModel):
    number: int
-    author: Optional[Author] = None
+    author: Union[Author, None] = None
    title: str
    createdAt: datetime
    state: str
@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ class Labels(BaseModel):
 class ReviewNode(BaseModel):
-    author: Optional[Author] = None
+    author: Union[Author, None] = None
    state: str
@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class Reviews(BaseModel):
 class PullRequestNode(BaseModel):
    number: int
    labels: Labels
-    author: Optional[Author] = None
+    author: Union[Author, None] = None
    title: str
    createdAt: datetime
    state: str
@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
 def get_graphql_response(
-    *, settings: Settings, query: str, after: Optional[str] = None
+    *, settings: Settings, query: str, after: Union[str, None] = None
 ):
    headers = {"Authorization": f"token {settings.input_token.get_secret_value()}"}
    variables = {"after": after}
@ -280,19 +280,19 @@ def get_graphql_response(
    return data
-def get_graphql_issue_edges(*, settings: Settings, after: Optional[str] = None):
+def get_graphql_issue_edges(*, settings: Settings, after: Union[str, None] = None):
    data = get_graphql_response(settings=settings, query=issues_query, after=after)
    graphql_response = IssuesResponse.parse_obj(data)
    return graphql_response.data.repository.issues.edges
-def get_graphql_pr_edges(*, settings: Settings, after: Optional[str] = None):
+def get_graphql_pr_edges(*, settings: Settings, after: Union[str, None] = None):
    data = get_graphql_response(settings=settings, query=prs_query, after=after)
    graphql_response = PRsResponse.parse_obj(data)
    return graphql_response.data.repository.pullRequests.edges
-def get_graphql_sponsor_edges(*, settings: Settings, after: Optional[str] = None):
+def get_graphql_sponsor_edges(*, settings: Settings, after: Union[str, None] = None):
    data = get_graphql_response(settings=settings, query=sponsors_query, after=after)
    graphql_response = SponsorsResponse.parse_obj(data)
    return graphql_response.data.user.sponsorshipsAsMaintainer.edges
@ -501,9 +501,16 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    github_sponsors_path = Path("./docs/en/data/github_sponsors.yml")
    people_old_content = people_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
    github_sponsors_old_content = github_sponsors_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
-    new_people_content = yaml.dump(people, sort_keys=False, width=200, allow_unicode=True)
+    new_people_content = yaml.dump(
-    new_github_sponsors_content = yaml.dump(github_sponsors, sort_keys=False, width=200, allow_unicode=True)
+        people, sort_keys=False, width=200, allow_unicode=True
-    if people_old_content == new_people_content and github_sponsors_old_content == new_github_sponsors_content:
+    )
    new_github_sponsors_content = yaml.dump(
        github_sponsors, sort_keys=False, width=200, allow_unicode=True
    )
    if (
        people_old_content == new_people_content
        and github_sponsors_old_content == new_github_sponsors_content
    ):
        logging.info("The FastAPI People data hasn't changed, finishing.")
        sys.exit(0)
    people_path.write_text(new_people_content, encoding="utf-8")
@ -517,7 +524,9 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    logging.info(f"Creating a new branch {branch_name}")
    subprocess.run(["git", "checkout", "-b", branch_name], check=True)
    logging.info("Adding updated file")
-    subprocess.run(["git", "add", str(people_path)], check=True)
+    subprocess.run(
        ["git", "add", str(people_path), str(github_sponsors_path)], check=True
    )
    logging.info("Committing updated file")
    message = "👥 Update FastAPI People"
    result = subprocess.run(["git", "commit", "-m", message], check=True)
--- a/.github/actions/watch-previews/app/main.py
+++ b/.github/actions/watch-previews/app/main.py
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import logging
 from datetime import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List, Optional
+from typing import List, Union
 import httpx
 from github import Github
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
    input_token: SecretStr
    github_repository: str
    github_event_path: Path
-    github_event_name: Optional[str] = None
+    github_event_name: Union[str, None] = None
 class Artifact(BaseModel):
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
        logging.info(f"Docs preview was notified: {notified}")
        if not notified:
            artifact_name = f"docs-zip-{commit}"
-            use_artifact: Optional[Artifact] = None
+            use_artifact: Union[Artifact, None] = None
            for artifact in artifacts_response.artifacts:
                if artifact.name == artifact_name:
                    use_artifact = artifact
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
 version: 2
 updates:
  # GitHub Actions
  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
    directory: "/"
    schedule:
      interval: "daily"
    commit-message:
      prefix: ⬆
  # Python
  - package-ecosystem: "pip"
    directory: "/"
    schedule:
      interval: "daily"
    commit-message:
      prefix: ⬆
--- a/.github/workflows/build-docs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-docs.yml
@ -13,16 +13,16 @@ jobs:
        env:
          GITHUB_CONTEXT: ${{ toJson(github) }}
        run: echo "$GITHUB_CONTEXT"
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
        with:
          python-version: "3.7"
-      - uses: actions/cache@v2
+      - uses: actions/cache@v3
        id: cache
        with:
          path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}-docs-v2
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-docs-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}-v03
      - name: Install Flit
        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
        run: python3.7 -m pip install flit
@ -30,18 +30,18 @@ jobs:
        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
        run: python3.7 -m flit install --deps production --extras doc
      - name: Install Material for MkDocs Insiders
-        if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.fork == false && steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        if: ( github.event_name != 'pull_request' || github.event.pull_request.head.repo.fork == false ) && steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
        run: pip install git+https://${{ secrets.ACTIONS_TOKEN }}@github.com/squidfunk/mkdocs-material-insiders.git
      - name: Build Docs
        run: python3.7 ./scripts/docs.py build-all
      - name: Zip docs
        run: bash ./scripts/zip-docs.sh
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
        with:
          name: docs-zip
          path: ./docs.zip
      - name: Deploy to Netlify
-        uses: nwtgck/actions-netlify@v1.1.5
+        uses: nwtgck/actions-netlify@v1.2.3
        with:
          publish-dir: './site'
          production-branch: master
--- a/.github/workflows/latest-changes.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/latest-changes.yml
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ on:
        description: PR number
        required: true
      debug_enabled:
-        description: 'Run the build with tmate debugging enabled (https://github.com/marketplace/actions/debugging-with-tmate)'     
+        description: 'Run the build with tmate debugging enabled (https://github.com/marketplace/actions/debugging-with-tmate)'
        required: false
        default: false
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
  latest-changes:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
        with:
          # To allow latest-changes to commit to master
          token: ${{ secrets.ACTIONS_TOKEN }}
--- a/.github/workflows/notify-translations.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/notify-translations.yml
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
  notify-translations:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      # Allow debugging with tmate
      - name: Setup tmate session
        uses: mxschmitt/action-tmate@v3
--- a/.github/workflows/people.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/people.yml
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ on:
  workflow_dispatch:
    inputs:
      debug_enabled:
-        description: 'Run the build with tmate debugging enabled (https://github.com/marketplace/actions/debugging-with-tmate)'     
+        description: 'Run the build with tmate debugging enabled (https://github.com/marketplace/actions/debugging-with-tmate)'
        required: false
        default: false
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
  fastapi-people:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      # Allow debugging with tmate
      - name: Setup tmate session
        uses: mxschmitt/action-tmate@v3
--- a/.github/workflows/preview-docs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/preview-docs.yml
@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ on:
  workflow_run:
    workflows:
      - Build Docs
-    types: 
+    types:
      - completed
 jobs:
  preview-docs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Download Artifact Docs
-        uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v2.9.0
+        uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v2.21.1
        with:
          github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          workflow: build-docs.yml
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
          rm -f docs.zip
      - name: Deploy to Netlify
        id: netlify
-        uses: nwtgck/actions-netlify@v1.1.5
+        uses: nwtgck/actions-netlify@v1.2.3
        with:
          publish-dir: './site'
          production-deploy: false
--- a/.github/workflows/publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ jobs:
        env:
          GITHUB_CONTEXT: ${{ toJson(github) }}
        run: echo "$GITHUB_CONTEXT"
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
        with:
          python-version: "3.6"
-      - uses: actions/cache@v2
+      - uses: actions/cache@v3
        id: cache
        with:
          path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@ -16,16 +16,16 @@ jobs:
      fail-fast: false
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
        with:
          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-      - uses: actions/cache@v2
+      - uses: actions/cache@v3
        id: cache
        with:
          path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}-test
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}-test-v02
      - name: Install Flit
        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
        run: pip install flit
@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ jobs:
      - name: Test
        run: bash scripts/test.sh
      - name: Upload coverage
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v1
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
 # See https://pre-commit.com for more information
 # See https://pre-commit.com/hooks.html for more hooks
 repos:
 -   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
    rev: v4.3.0
    hooks:
    -   id: check-added-large-files
    -   id: check-toml
    -   id: check-yaml
        args:
        -   --unsafe
    -   id: end-of-file-fixer
    -   id: trailing-whitespace
 -   repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
    rev: v2.37.1
    hooks:
    -   id: pyupgrade
        args:
        - --py3-plus
        - --keep-runtime-typing
 -   repo: https://github.com/myint/autoflake
    rev: v1.4
    hooks:
    -   id: autoflake
        args:
        - --recursive
        - --in-place
        - --remove-all-unused-imports
        - --remove-unused-variables
        - --expand-star-imports
        - --exclude
        - __init__.py
        - --remove-duplicate-keys
 -   repo: https://github.com/pycqa/isort
    rev: 5.10.1
    hooks:
    -   id: isort
        name: isort (python)
    -   id: isort
        name: isort (cython)
        types: [cython]
    -   id: isort
        name: isort (pyi)
        types: [pyi]
 -   repo: https://github.com/psf/black
    rev: 22.6.0
    hooks:
    -   id: black
 ci:
    autofix_commit_msg: 🎨 [pre-commit.ci] Auto format from pre-commit.com hooks
    autoupdate_commit_msg: ⬆ [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -47,16 +47,17 @@ The key features are:
 <!-- sponsors -->
-<a href="https://bit.ly/2QSouzH" target="_blank" title="Jina: build neural search-as-a-service for any kind of data in just minutes."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/jina.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://bit.ly/3PjOZqc" target="_blank" title="DiscoArt: Create compelling Disco Diffusion artworks in just one line"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/jina-ai.png"></a>
 <a href="https://cryptapi.io/" target="_blank" title="CryptAPI: Your easy to use, secure and privacy oriented payment gateway."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/cryptapi.svg"></a>
-<a href="https://www.dropbase.io/careers" target="_blank" title="Dropbase - seamlessly collect, clean, and centralize data."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/dropbase.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://app.imgwhale.xyz/" target="_blank" title="The ultimate solution to unlimited and forever cloud storage."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/imgwhale.svg"></a>
-<a href="https://striveworks.us/careers?utm_source=fastapi&utm_medium=sponsor_banner&utm_campaign=feb_march#openings" target="_blank" title="https://striveworks.us/careers"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/striveworks.png"></a>
+<a href="https://doist.com/careers/9B437B1615-wa-senior-backend-engineer-python" target="_blank" title="Help us migrate doist to FastAPI"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/doist.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://www.deta.sh/?ref=fastapi" target="_blank" title="The launchpad for all your (team's) ideas"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/deta.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://www.investsuite.com/jobs" target="_blank" title="Wealthtech jobs with FastAPI"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/investsuite.svg"></a>
-<a href="https://www.vim.so/?utm_source=FastAPI" target="_blank" title="We help you master vim with interactive exercises"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/vimso.png"></a>
+<a href="https://training.talkpython.fm/fastapi-courses" target="_blank" title="FastAPI video courses on demand from people you trust"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/talkpython.png"></a>
 <a href="https://talkpython.fm/fastapi-sponsor" target="_blank" title="FastAPI video courses on demand from people you trust"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/talkpython.png"></a>
 <a href="https://testdriven.io/courses/tdd-fastapi/" target="_blank" title="Learn to build high-quality web apps with best practices"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/testdriven.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://github.com/deepset-ai/haystack/" target="_blank" title="Build powerful search from composable, open source building blocks"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/haystack-fastapi.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://www.udemy.com/course/fastapi-rest/" target="_blank" title="Learn FastAPI by building a complete project. Extend your knowledge on advanced web development-AWS, Payments, Emails."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/ines-course.jpg"></a>
 <a href="https://careers.budget-insight.com/" target="_blank" title="Budget Insight is hiring!"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/budget-insight.svg"></a>
 <!-- /sponsors -->
@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ $ pip install "uvicorn[standard]"
 * Create a file `main.py` with:
 ```Python
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ def read_root():
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
 If your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:
 ```Python hl_lines="9  14"
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ async def read_root():
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
@ -265,7 +266,7 @@ Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.
 Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.
 ```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@ -276,7 +277,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
-    is_offer: Optional[bool] = None
+    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None
@app.get("/")
@ -285,7 +286,7 @@ def read_root():
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
--- a/docs/az/mkdocs.yml
+++ b/docs/az/mkdocs.yml
@ -5,13 +5,15 @@ theme:
  name: material
  custom_dir: overrides
  palette:
-  - scheme: default
+  - media: '(prefers-color-scheme: light)'
    scheme: default
    primary: teal
    accent: amber
    toggle:
      icon: material/lightbulb
      name: Switch to light mode
-  - scheme: slate
+  - media: '(prefers-color-scheme: dark)'
    scheme: slate
    primary: teal
    accent: amber
    toggle:
@ -40,15 +42,19 @@ nav:
  - az: /az/
  - de: /de/
  - es: /es/
  - fa: /fa/
  - fr: /fr/
  - he: /he/
  - id: /id/
  - it: /it/
  - ja: /ja/
  - ko: /ko/
  - nl: /nl/
  - pl: /pl/
  - pt: /pt/
  - ru: /ru/
  - sq: /sq/
  - sv: /sv/
  - tr: /tr/
  - uk: /uk/
  - zh: /zh/
@ -97,8 +103,12 @@ extra:
    name: de
  - link: /es/
    name: es - español
  - link: /fa/
    name: fa
  - link: /fr/
    name: fr - français
  - link: /he/
    name: he
  - link: /id/
    name: id
  - link: /it/
@ -107,6 +117,8 @@ extra:
    name: ja - 日本語
  - link: /ko/
    name: ko - 한국어
  - link: /nl/
    name: nl
  - link: /pl/
    name: pl
  - link: /pt/
@ -115,6 +127,8 @@ extra:
    name: ru - русский язык
  - link: /sq/
    name: sq - shqip
  - link: /sv/
    name: sv - svenska
  - link: /tr/
    name: tr - Türkçe
  - link: /uk/
--- a/docs/de/docs/features.md
+++ b/docs/de/docs/features.md
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 ### Automatische Dokumentation
-Mit einer interaktiven API-Dokumentation und explorativen webbasierten Benutzerschnittstellen. Da FastAPI auf OpenAPI basiert, gibt es hierzu mehrere Optionen, wobei zwei standartmäßig vorhanden sind.
+Mit einer interaktiven API-Dokumentation und explorativen webbasierten Benutzerschnittstellen. Da FastAPI auf OpenAPI basiert, gibt es hierzu mehrere Optionen, wobei zwei standardmäßig vorhanden sind.
 * <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>Swagger UI</strong></a>, bietet interaktive Exploration: testen und rufen Sie ihre API direkt vom Webbrowser auf.
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Mit einer interaktiven API-Dokumentation und explorativen webbasierten Benutzers
 Alles basiert auf **Python 3.6 Typ**-Deklarationen (dank Pydantic). Es muss keine neue Syntax gelernt werden, nur standardisiertes modernes Python.
- 
+
 Wenn Sie eine kurze, zweiminütige, Auffrischung in der Benutzung von Python Typ-Deklarationen benötigen (auch wenn Sie FastAPI nicht nutzen), schauen Sie sich diese kurze Einführung an (Englisch): Python Types{.internal-link target=_blank}.
@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ Hierdurch werden Sie nie wieder einen falschen Schlüsselnamen benutzen und spar
 ### Kompakt
-FastAPI nutzt für alles sensible **Standard-Einstellungen**, welche optional überall konfiguriert werden können. Alle Parameter können ganz genau an Ihre Bedürfnisse angepasst werden, sodass sie genau die API definieren können, die sie brachen.
+FastAPI nutzt für alles sinnvolle **Standard-Einstellungen**, welche optional überall konfiguriert werden können. Alle Parameter können ganz genau an Ihre Bedürfnisse angepasst werden, sodass sie genau die API definieren können, die sie brauchen.
-Aber standartmäßig, **"funktioniert einfach"** alles.
+Aber standardmäßig, **"funktioniert einfach"** alles.
 ### Validierung
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ Aber standartmäßig, **"funktioniert einfach"** alles.
    * Zeichenketten (`str`), mit definierter minimaler und maximaler Länge.
    * Zahlen (`int`, `float`) mit minimaler und maximaler Größe, usw.
-* Validierung für ungewögnliche Typen, wie:
+* Validierung für ungewöhnliche Typen, wie:
    * URL.
    * Email.
    * UUID.
@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ FastAPI enthält ein extrem einfaches, aber extrem mächtiges <abbr title='oft v
 * **Automatische Umsetzung** durch FastAPI.
 * Alle abhängigen Komponenten könnten Daten von Anfragen, **Erweiterungen der Pfadoperations-**Einschränkungen und der automatisierten Dokumentation benötigen.
 * **Automatische Validierung** selbst für *Pfadoperationen*-Parameter, die in den Abhängigkeiten definiert wurden.
-* Unterstütz komplexe Benutzerauthentifizierungssysteme, mit **Datenbankverbindungen**, usw.
+* Unterstützt komplexe Benutzerauthentifizierungssysteme, mit **Datenbankverbindungen**, usw.
-* **Keine Kompromisse** bei Datenbanken, Eingabemasken, usw. Sondern einfache Integration von allen.
+* **Keine Kompromisse** bei Datenbanken, Eingabemasken, usw., sondern einfache Integration von allen.
 ### Unbegrenzte Erweiterungen
@ -159,9 +159,9 @@ Jede Integration wurde so entworfen, dass sie einfach zu nutzen ist (mit Abhäng
 ## Starlette's Merkmale
-**FastAPI** ist vollkommen kompatibel (und basiert auf) <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>Starlette</strong></a>. Das bedeutet, auch ihr eigner Starlett Quellcode funktioniert.
+**FastAPI** ist vollkommen kompatibel (und basiert auf) <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>Starlette</strong></a>. Das bedeutet, auch ihr eigener Starlette Quellcode funktioniert.
-`FastAPI` ist eigentlich eine Unterklasse von `Starlette`. Wenn sie also bereits Starlette kennen oder benutzen, können Sie das meiste Ihres Wissen direkt anwenden.
+`FastAPI` ist eigentlich eine Unterklasse von `Starlette`. Wenn Sie also bereits Starlette kennen oder benutzen, können Sie das meiste Ihres Wissens direkt anwenden.
 Mit **FastAPI** bekommen Sie viele von **Starlette**'s Funktionen (da FastAPI nur Starlette auf Steroiden ist):
@ -193,11 +193,11 @@ Mit **FastAPI** bekommen Sie alle Funktionen von **Pydantic** (da FastAPI für d
 * Gutes Zusammenspiel mit Ihrer/Ihrem **<abbr title="Integrierten Entwicklungsumgebung, ähnlich zu (Quellcode-)Editor">IDE</abbr>/<abbr title="Ein Programm, was Fehler im Quellcode sucht">linter</abbr>/Gehirn**:
    * Weil Datenstrukturen von Pydantic einfach nur Instanzen ihrer definierten Klassen sind, sollten Autovervollständigung, Linting, mypy und ihre Intuition einwandfrei funktionieren.
 * **Schnell**:
-    * In <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#benchmarks-tag" class="external-link" target="_blank">Vergleichen</a> ist Pydantic schneller als jede andere getestete Bibliothek.
+    * In <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/benchmarks/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Vergleichen</a> ist Pydantic schneller als jede andere getestete Bibliothek.
 * Validierung von **komplexen Strukturen**:
    * Benutzung von hierachischen Pydantic Schemata, Python `typing`’s `List` und `Dict`, etc.
    * Validierungen erlauben klare und einfache Datenschemadefinition, überprüft und dokumentiert als JSON Schema.
    * Sie können stark **verschachtelte JSON** Objekte haben und diese sind trotzdem validiert und annotiert.
 * **Erweiterbar**:
-    * Pydantic erlaubt die Definition von eigenen Datentypen oder sie können die Validierung mit einer `validator` dekorierten Methode erweitern..
+    * Pydantic erlaubt die Definition von eigenen Datentypen oder Sie können die Validierung mit einer `validator` dekorierten Methode erweitern..
 * 100% Testabdeckung.
--- a/docs/de/docs/index.md
+++ b/docs/de/docs/index.md
@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ $ pip install uvicorn[standard]
 * Create a file `main.py` with:
 ```Python
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def read_root():
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
 If your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:
 ```Python hl_lines="9  14"
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ async def read_root():
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.
 Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.
 ```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
-    is_offer: Optional[bool] = None
+    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None
@app.get("/")
@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ def read_root():
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" targe
 ### Recap
-In summary, you declare **once** the types of parameters, body, etc. as function parameters. 
+In summary, you declare **once** the types of parameters, body, etc. as function parameters.
 You do that with standard modern Python types.
@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ Coming back to the previous code example, **FastAPI** will:
    * As the `q` parameter is declared with `= None`, it is optional.
    * Without the `None` it would be required (as is the body in the case with `PUT`).
 * For `PUT` requests to `/items/{item_id}`, Read the body as JSON:
-    * Check that it has a required attribute `name` that should be a `str`. 
+    * Check that it has a required attribute `name` that should be a `str`.
    * Check that it has a required attribute `price` that has to be a `float`.
    * Check that it has an optional attribute `is_offer`, that should be a `bool`, if present.
    * All this would also work for deeply nested JSON objects.
@ -446,7 +446,6 @@ Used by Pydantic:
 Used by Starlette:
 * <a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io" target="_blank"><code>requests</code></a> - Required if you want to use the `TestClient`.
 * <a href="https://github.com/Tinche/aiofiles" target="_blank"><code>aiofiles</code></a> - Required if you want to use `FileResponse` or `StaticFiles`.
 * <a href="https://jinja.palletsprojects.com" target="_blank"><code>jinja2</code></a> - Required if you want to use the default template configuration.
 * <a href="https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/" target="_blank"><code>python-multipart</code></a> - Required if you want to support form <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>, with `request.form()`.
 * <a href="https://pythonhosted.org/itsdangerous/" target="_blank"><code>itsdangerous</code></a> - Required for `SessionMiddleware` support.
--- a/docs/de/mkdocs.yml
+++ b/docs/de/mkdocs.yml
@ -5,13 +5,15 @@ theme:
  name: material
  custom_dir: overrides
  palette:
-  - scheme: default
+  - media: '(prefers-color-scheme: light)'
    scheme: default
    primary: teal
    accent: amber
    toggle:
      icon: material/lightbulb
      name: Switch to light mode
-  - scheme: slate
+  - media: '(prefers-color-scheme: dark)'
    scheme: slate
    primary: teal
    accent: amber
    toggle:
@ -40,15 +42,19 @@ nav:
  - az: /az/
  - de: /de/
  - es: /es/
  - fa: /fa/
  - fr: /fr/
  - he: /he/
  - id: /id/
  - it: /it/
  - ja: /ja/
  - ko: /ko/
  - nl: /nl/
  - pl: /pl/
  - pt: /pt/
  - ru: /ru/
  - sq: /sq/
  - sv: /sv/
  - tr: /tr/
  - uk: /uk/
  - zh: /zh/
@ -98,8 +104,12 @@ extra:
    name: de
  - link: /es/
    name: es - español
  - link: /fa/
    name: fa
  - link: /fr/
    name: fr - français
  - link: /he/
    name: he
  - link: /id/
    name: id
  - link: /it/
@ -108,6 +118,8 @@ extra:
    name: ja - 日本語
  - link: /ko/
    name: ko - 한국어
  - link: /nl/
    name: nl
  - link: /pl/
    name: pl
  - link: /pt/
@ -116,6 +128,8 @@ extra:
    name: ru - русский язык
  - link: /sq/
    name: sq - shqip
  - link: /sv/
    name: sv - svenska
  - link: /tr/
    name: tr - Türkçe
  - link: /uk/
--- a/docs/en/data/external_links.yml
+++ b/docs/en/data/external_links.yml
@ -1,5 +1,17 @@
 articles:
  english:
  - author: Jean-Baptiste Rocher
    author_link: https://hashnode.com/@jibrocher
    link: https://dev.indooroutdoor.io/series/fastapi-react-poll-app
    title: Building the Poll App From Django Tutorial With FastAPI And React
  - author: Silvan Melchior
    author_link: https://github.com/silvanmelchior
    link: https://blog.devgenius.io/seamless-fastapi-configuration-with-confz-90949c14ea12
    title: Seamless FastAPI Configuration with ConfZ
  - author: Kaustubh Gupta
    author_link: https://medium.com/@kaustubhgupta1828/
    link: https://levelup.gitconnected.com/5-advance-features-of-fastapi-you-should-try-7c0ac7eebb3e
    title: 5 Advanced Features of FastAPI You Should Try
  - author: Kaustubh Gupta
    author_link: https://medium.com/@kaustubhgupta1828/
    link: https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/06/deploying-ml-models-as-api-using-fastapi-and-heroku/
@ -12,6 +24,10 @@ articles:
    author_link: https://pystar.substack.com/
    link: https://pystar.substack.com/p/how-to-create-a-fake-certificate
    title: How to Create A Fake Certificate Authority And Generate TLS Certs for FastAPI
  - author: Ben Gamble
    author_link: https://uk.linkedin.com/in/bengamble7
    link: https://ably.com/blog/realtime-ticket-booking-solution-kafka-fastapi-ably
    title: Building a realtime ticket booking solution with Kafka, FastAPI, and Ably
  - author: Shahriyar(Shako) Rzayev
    author_link: https://www.linkedin.com/in/shahriyar-rzayev/
    link: https://www.azepug.az/posts/fastapi/#building-simple-e-commerce-with-nuxtjs-and-fastapi-series
@ -20,6 +36,10 @@ articles:
    author_link: https://rodrigo-arenas.medium.com/
    link: https://medium.com/analytics-vidhya/serve-a-machine-learning-model-using-sklearn-fastapi-and-docker-85aabf96729b
    title: "Serve a machine learning model using Sklearn, FastAPI and Docker"
  - author: Yashasvi Singh
    author_link: https://hashnode.com/@aUnicornDev
    link: https://aunicorndev.hashnode.dev/series/supafast-api
    title: "Building an API with FastAPI and Supabase and Deploying on Deta"
  - author: Navule Pavan Kumar Rao
    author_link: https://www.linkedin.com/in/navule/
    link: https://www.tutlinks.com/deploy-fastapi-on-ubuntu-gunicorn-caddy-2/
@ -27,7 +47,7 @@ articles:
  - author: Patrick Ladon
    author_link: https://dev.to/factorlive
    link: https://dev.to/factorlive/python-facebook-messenger-webhook-with-fastapi-on-glitch-4n90
-    title: Python Facebook messenger webhook with FastAPI on Glitch  
+    title: Python Facebook messenger webhook with FastAPI on Glitch
  - author: Dom Patmore
    author_link: https://twitter.com/dompatmore
    link: https://dompatmore.com/blog/authenticate-your-fastapi-app-with-auth0
@ -188,11 +208,19 @@ articles:
    author_link: https://medium.com/@williamhayes
    link: https://medium.com/@williamhayes/fastapi-starlette-debug-vs-prod-5f7561db3a59
    title: FastAPI/Starlette debug vs prod
  - author: Mukul Mantosh
    author_link: https://twitter.com/MantoshMukul
    link: https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/guide/tutorials/fastapi-aws-kubernetes/
    title: Developing FastAPI Application using K8s & AWS
  german:
  - author: Nico Axtmann
    author_link: https://twitter.com/_nicoax
    link: https://blog.codecentric.de/2019/08/inbetriebnahme-eines-scikit-learn-modells-mit-onnx-und-fastapi/
    title: Inbetriebnahme eines scikit-learn-Modells mit ONNX und FastAPI
  - author: Felix Schürmeyer
    author_link: https://hellocoding.de/autor/felix-schuermeyer/
    link: https://hellocoding.de/blog/coding-language/python/fastapi
    title: REST-API Programmieren mittels Python und dem FastAPI Modul
  japanese:
  - author: '@bee2'
    author_link: https://qiita.com/bee2
--- a/docs/en/data/github_sponsors.yml
+++ b/docs/en/data/github_sponsors.yml
@ -1,88 +1,148 @@
 sponsors:
- - login: jina-ai
+- - login: github
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/9919?v=4
    url: https://github.com/github
 - - login: Doist
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2565372?v=4
    url: https://github.com/Doist
  - login: cryptapi
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/44925437?u=61369138589bc7fee6c417f3fbd50fbd38286cc4&v=4
    url: https://github.com/cryptapi
  - login: BLUE-DEVIL1134
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/55914808?u=f283d674fce31be7fb3ed2665b0f20d89958e541&v=4
    url: https://github.com/BLUE-DEVIL1134
  - login: jina-ai
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/60539444?v=4
    url: https://github.com/jina-ai
  - login: DropbaseHQ
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/85367855?v=4
    url: https://github.com/DropbaseHQ
 - - login: ObliviousAI
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/65656077?v=4
    url: https://github.com/ObliviousAI
  - login: chaserowbotham
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/97751084?v=4
    url: https://github.com/chaserowbotham
 - - login: mikeckennedy
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2035561?v=4
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2035561?u=1bb18268bcd4d9249e1f783a063c27df9a84c05b&v=4
    url: https://github.com/mikeckennedy
  - login: RodneyU215
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3329665?u=ec6a9adf8e7e8e306eed7d49687c398608d1604f&v=4
    url: https://github.com/RodneyU215
  - login: Trivie
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8161763?v=4
    url: https://github.com/Trivie
  - login: deta
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/47275976?v=4
    url: https://github.com/deta
  - login: deepset-ai
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/51827949?v=4
    url: https://github.com/deepset-ai
  - login: investsuite
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/73833632?v=4
    url: https://github.com/investsuite
-  - login: vimsoHQ
+  - login: VincentParedes
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/77627231?v=4
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/103889729?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/vimsoHQ
+    url: https://github.com/VincentParedes
- - login: newrelic
+- - login: InesIvanova
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/31739?v=4
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/22920417?u=409882ec1df6dbd77455788bb383a8de223dbf6f&v=4
-    url: https://github.com/newrelic
+    url: https://github.com/InesIvanova
 - - login: SendCloud
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7831959?v=4
    url: https://github.com/SendCloud
  - login: qaas
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8503759?u=10a6b4391ad6ab4cf9487ce54e3fcb61322d1efc&v=4
    url: https://github.com/qaas
- - login: johnadjei
+  - login: xoflare
    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/74335107?v=4
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    url: https://github.com/gabrielmbmb
-  - login: starhype
+  - login: danburonline
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+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/34251194?u=2cad4388c1544e539ecb732d656e42fb07b4ff2d&v=4
-    url: https://github.com/starhype
+    url: https://github.com/danburonline
-  - login: pixel365
+  - login: zachspar
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-    url: https://github.com/pixel365
+    url: https://github.com/zachspar
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    url: https://github.com/aahouzi
--- a/docs/en/data/people.yml
+++ b/docs/en/data/people.yml
@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
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+  answers: 1248
-  prs: 280
+  prs: 318
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-  url: https://github.com/frankie567
+  url: https://github.com/panla
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@ -93,10 +109,6 @@ experts:
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@ -129,10 +149,10 @@ experts:
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  url: https://github.com/nkhitrov
- login: acidjunk
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+  url: https://github.com/harunyasar
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@ -141,26 +161,34 @@ experts:
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+  url: https://github.com/jonatasoli
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  url: https://github.com/haizaar
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 last_month_active:
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@ -251,8 +247,12 @@ top_contributors:
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@ -261,12 +261,8 @@ top_contributors:
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@ -283,6 +279,10 @@ top_contributors:
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  url: https://github.com/ArcLightSlavik
- login: cikay
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-  count: 24
+  count: 25
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-  url: https://github.com/cikay
+  url: https://github.com/cassiobotaro
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@ -356,18 +376,30 @@ top_reviewers:
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 - login: Smlep
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@ -384,22 +416,18 @@ top_reviewers:
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  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/63476957?u=6c86e59b48e0394d4db230f37fc9ad4d7e2c27c7&v=4
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 - login: yezz123
  count: 12
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  url: https://github.com/yezz123
 - login: sh0nk
-  count: 12
+  count: 13
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/6478810?u=af15d724875cec682ed8088a86d36b2798f981c0&v=4
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@ -412,6 +440,10 @@ top_reviewers:
  count: 10
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7887703?v=4
  url: https://github.com/maoyibo
 - login: odiseo0
  count: 10
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 - login: graingert
  count: 9
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/413772?v=4
@ -424,26 +456,34 @@ top_reviewers:
  count: 9
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/49435654?v=4
  url: https://github.com/kty4119
 - login: zy7y
  count: 9
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  url: https://github.com/bezaca
- login: solomein-sv
+- login: raphaelauv
-  count: 9
+  count: 8
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/46193920?u=46acfb4aeefb1d7b9fdc5a8cbd9eb8744683c47a&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/10202690?u=e6f86f5c0c3026a15d6b51792fa3e532b12f1371&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/solomein-sv
+  url: https://github.com/raphaelauv
 - login: blt232018
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  url: https://github.com/rogerbrinkmann
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@ -452,14 +492,6 @@ top_reviewers:
  count: 7
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  url: https://github.com/raphaelauv
 - login: BilalAlpaslan
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  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/47563997?u=63ed66e304fe8d765762c70587d61d9196e5c82d&v=4
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 - login: NastasiaSaby
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  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8245071?u=b3afd005f9e4bf080c219ef61a592b3a8004b764&v=4
@ -468,35 +500,15 @@ top_reviewers:
  count: 7
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1405026?v=4
  url: https://github.com/Mause
 - login: wakabame
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  url: https://github.com/wakabame
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 - login: NinaHwang
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  url: https://github.com/israteneda
--- a/docs/en/data/sponsors.yml
+++ b/docs/en/data/sponsors.yml
@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 gold:
-  - url: https://bit.ly/2QSouzH
+  - url: https://bit.ly/3PjOZqc
-    title: "Jina: build neural search-as-a-service for any kind of data in just minutes."
+    title: "DiscoArt: Create compelling Disco Diffusion artworks in just one line"
-    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/jina.svg
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/jina-ai.png
  - url: https://cryptapi.io/
    title: "CryptAPI: Your easy to use, secure and privacy oriented payment gateway."
    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/cryptapi.svg
-  - url: https://www.dropbase.io/careers
+  - url: https://app.imgwhale.xyz/
-    title: Dropbase - seamlessly collect, clean, and centralize data.
+    title: The ultimate solution to unlimited and forever cloud storage.
-    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/dropbase.svg
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/imgwhale.svg
-  - url: https://striveworks.us/careers?utm_source=fastapi&utm_medium=sponsor_banner&utm_campaign=feb_march#openings
+  - url: https://doist.com/careers/9B437B1615-wa-senior-backend-engineer-python
-    title: https://striveworks.us/careers
+    title: Help us migrate doist to FastAPI
-    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/striveworks.png
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/doist.svg
 silver:
  - url: https://www.deta.sh/?ref=fastapi
    title: The launchpad for all your (team's) ideas
@ -18,10 +18,7 @@ silver:
  - url: https://www.investsuite.com/jobs
    title: Wealthtech jobs with FastAPI
    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/investsuite.svg
-  - url: https://www.vim.so/?utm_source=FastAPI
+  - url: https://training.talkpython.fm/fastapi-courses
    title: We help you master vim with interactive exercises
    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/vimso.png
  - url: https://talkpython.fm/fastapi-sponsor
    title: FastAPI video courses on demand from people you trust
    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/talkpython.png
  - url: https://testdriven.io/courses/tdd-fastapi/
@ -30,7 +27,16 @@ silver:
  - url: https://github.com/deepset-ai/haystack/
    title: Build powerful search from composable, open source building blocks
    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/haystack-fastapi.svg
  - url: https://www.udemy.com/course/fastapi-rest/
    title: Learn FastAPI by building a complete project. Extend your knowledge on advanced web development-AWS, Payments, Emails.
    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/ines-course.jpg
  - url: https://careers.budget-insight.com/
    title: Budget Insight is hiring!
    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/budget-insight.svg
 bronze:
-  - url: https://calmcode.io
+  - url: https://www.exoflare.com/open-source/?utm_source=FastAPI&utm_campaign=open_source
-    title: Code. Simply. Clearly. Calmly.
+    title: Biosecurity risk assessments made easy.
-    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/calmcode.jpg
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/exoflare.png
  - url: https://bit.ly/3ccLCmM
    title: https://striveworks.us/careers
    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/striveworks2.png
--- a/docs/en/data/sponsors_badge.yml
+++ b/docs/en/data/sponsors_badge.yml
@ -2,10 +2,14 @@ logins:
  - jina-ai
  - deta
  - investsuite
  - vimsoHQ
  - mikeckennedy
  - koaning
  - deepset-ai
  - cryptapi
  - DropbaseHQ
  - Striveworks
  - xoflare
  - InesIvanova
  - DropbaseHQ
  - VincentParedes
  - BLUE-DEVIL1134
  - ObliviousAI
  - Doist
--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/additional-responses.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/additional-responses.md
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ For example, to declare another response with a status code `404` and a Pydantic
    **FastAPI** will take the Pydantic model from there, generate the `JSON Schema`, and put it in the correct place.
    The correct place is:
-    
+
    * In the key `content`, that has as value another JSON object (`dict`) that contains:
        * A key with the media type, e.g. `application/json`, that contains as value another JSON object, that contains:
            * A key `schema`, that has as the value the JSON Schema from the model, here's the correct place.
--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/additional-status-codes.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/additional-status-codes.md
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ But you also want it to accept new items. And when the items didn't exist before
 To achieve that, import `JSONResponse`, and return your content there directly, setting the `status_code` that you want:
-```Python hl_lines="4  23"
+```Python hl_lines="4  25"
 {!../../../docs_src/additional_status_codes/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ To achieve that, import `JSONResponse`, and return your content there directly,
    When you return a `Response` directly, like in the example above, it will be returned directly.
    It won't be serialized with a model, etc.
-    
+
    Make sure it has the data you want it to have, and that the values are valid JSON (if you are using `JSONResponse`).
 !!! note "Technical Details"
--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/extending-openapi.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/extending-openapi.md
@ -132,8 +132,8 @@ You can probably right-click each link and select an option similar to `Save lin
 **Swagger UI** uses the files:
-* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui-bundle.js" class="external-link" target="_blank">`swagger-ui-bundle.js`</a>
+* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@4/swagger-ui-bundle.js" class="external-link" target="_blank">`swagger-ui-bundle.js`</a>
-* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui.css" class="external-link" target="_blank">`swagger-ui.css`</a>
+* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@4/swagger-ui.css" class="external-link" target="_blank">`swagger-ui.css`</a>
 And **ReDoc** uses the file:
--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/generate-clients.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/generate-clients.md
@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
 # Generate Clients
 As **FastAPI** is based on the OpenAPI specification, you get automatic compatibility with many tools, including the automatic API docs (provided by Swagger UI).
 One particular advantage that is not necessarily obvious is that you can **generate clients** (sometimes called <abbr title="Software Development Kits">**SDKs**</abbr> ) for your API, for many different **programming languages**.
 ## OpenAPI Client Generators
 There are many tools to generate clients from **OpenAPI**.
 A common tool is <a href="https://openapi-generator.tech/" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI Generator</a>.
 If you are building a **frontend**, a very interesting alternative is <a href="https://github.com/ferdikoomen/openapi-typescript-codegen" class="external-link" target="_blank">openapi-typescript-codegen</a>.
 ## Generate a TypeScript Frontend Client
 Let's start with a simple FastAPI application:
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
    ```Python hl_lines="9-11  14-15  18  19  23"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial001.py!}
    ```
 === "Python 3.9 and above"
    ```Python hl_lines="7-9  12-13  16-17  21"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial001_py39.py!}
    ```
 Notice that the *path operations* define the models they use for request payload and response payload, using the models `Item` and `ResponseMessage`.
 ### API Docs
 If you go to the API docs, you will see that it has the **schemas** for the data to be sent in requests and received in responses:
 <img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image01.png">
 You can see those schemas because they were declared with the models in the app.
 That information is available in the app's **OpenAPI schema**, and then shown in the API docs (by Swagger UI).
 And that same information from the models that is included in OpenAPI is what can be used to **generate the client code**.
 ### Generate a TypeScript Client
 Now that we have the app with the models, we can generate the client code for the frontend.
 #### Install `openapi-typescript-codegen`
 You can install `openapi-typescript-codegen` in your frontend code with:
 <div class="termy">
 ```console
 $ npm install openapi-typescript-codegen --save-dev
 ---> 100%
 ```
 </div>
 #### Generate Client Code
 To generate the client code you can use the command line application `openapi` that would now be installed.
 Because it is installed in the local project, you probably wouldn't be able to call that command directly, but you would put it on your `package.json` file.
 It could look like this:
 ```JSON  hl_lines="7"
 {
  "name": "frontend-app",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "",
  "main": "index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "generate-client": "openapi --input http://localhost:8000/openapi.json --output ./src/client --client axios"
  },
  "author": "",
  "license": "",
  "devDependencies": {
    "openapi-typescript-codegen": "^0.20.1",
    "typescript": "^4.6.2"
  }
 }
 ```
 After having that NPM `generate-client` script there, you can run it with:
 <div class="termy">
 ```console
 $ npm run generate-client
 [email protected] generate-client /home/user/code/frontend-app
 > openapi --input http://localhost:8000/openapi.json --output ./src/client --client axios
 ```
 </div>
 That command will generate code in `./src/client` and will use `axios` (the frontend HTTP library) internally.
 ### Try Out the Client Code
 Now you can import and use the client code, it could look like this, notice that you get autocompletion for the methods:
 <img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image02.png">
 You will also get autocompletion for the payload to send:
 <img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image03.png">
 !!! tip
    Notice the autocompletion for `name` and `price`, that was defined in the FastAPI application, in the `Item` model.
 You will have inline errors for the data that you send:
 <img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image04.png">
 The response object will also have autocompletion:
 <img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image05.png">
 ## FastAPI App with Tags
 In many cases your FastAPI app will be bigger, and you will probably use tags to separate different groups of *path operations*.
 For example, you could have a section for **items** and another section for **users**, and they could be separated by tags:
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
    ```Python hl_lines="23  28  36"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial002.py!}
    ```
 === "Python 3.9 and above"
    ```Python hl_lines="21  26  34"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial002_py39.py!}
    ```
 ### Generate a TypeScript Client with Tags
 If you generate a client for a FastAPI app using tags, it will normally also separate the client code based on the tags.
 This way you will be able to have things ordered and grouped correctly for the client code:
 <img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image06.png">
 In this case you have:
 * `ItemsService`
 * `UsersService`
 ### Client Method Names
 Right now the generated method names like `createItemItemsPost` don't look very clean:
 ```TypeScript
 ItemsService.createItemItemsPost({name: "Plumbus", price: 5})
 ```
 ...that's because the client generator uses the OpenAPI internal **operation ID** for each *path operation*.
 OpenAPI requires that each operation ID is unique across all the *path operations*, so FastAPI uses the **function name**, the **path**, and the **HTTP method/operation** to generate that operation ID, because that way it can make sure that the operation IDs are unique.
 But I'll show you how to improve that next. 🤓
 ## Custom Operation IDs and Better Method Names
 You can **modify** the way these operation IDs are **generated** to make them simpler and have **simpler method names** in the clients.
 In this case you will have to ensure that each operation ID is **unique** in some other way.
 For example, you could make sure that each *path operation* has a tag, and then generate the operation ID based on the **tag** and the *path operation* **name** (the function name).
 ### Custom Generate Unique ID Function
 FastAPI uses a **unique ID** for each *path operation*, it is used for the **operation ID** and also for the names of any needed custom models, for requests or responses.
 You can customize that function. It takes an `APIRoute` and outputs a string.
 For example, here it is using the first tag (you will probably have only one tag) and the *path operation* name (the function name).
 You can then pass that custom function to **FastAPI** as the `generate_unique_id_function` parameter:
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
    ```Python hl_lines="8-9  12"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial003.py!}
    ```
 === "Python 3.9 and above"
    ```Python hl_lines="6-7  10"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial003_py39.py!}
    ```
 ### Generate a TypeScript Client with Custom Operation IDs
 Now if you generate the client again, you will see that it has the improved method names:
 <img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image07.png">
 As you see, the method names now have the tag and then the function name, now they don't include information from the URL path and the HTTP operation.
 ### Preprocess the OpenAPI Specification for the Client Generator
 The generated code still has some **duplicated information**.
 We already know that this method is related to the **items** because that word is in the `ItemsService` (taken from the tag), but we still have the tag name prefixed in the method name too. 😕
 We will probably still want to keep it for OpenAPI in general, as that will ensure that the operation IDs are **unique**.
 But for the generated client we could **modify** the OpenAPI operation IDs right before generating the clients, just to make those method names nicer and **cleaner**.
 We could download the OpenAPI JSON to a file `openapi.json` and then we could **remove that prefixed tag** with a script like this:
 ```Python
 {!../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial004.py!}
 ```
 With that, the operation IDs would be renamed from things like `items-get_items` to just `get_items`, that way the client generator can generate simpler method names.
 ### Generate a TypeScript Client with the Preprocessed OpenAPI
 Now as the end result is in a file `openapi.json`, you would modify the `package.json` to use that local file, for example:
 ```JSON  hl_lines="7"
 {
  "name": "frontend-app",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "",
  "main": "index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "generate-client": "openapi --input ./openapi.json --output ./src/client --client axios"
  },
  "author": "",
  "license": "",
  "devDependencies": {
    "openapi-typescript-codegen": "^0.20.1",
    "typescript": "^4.6.2"
  }
 }
 ```
 After generating the new client, you would now have **clean method names**, with all the **autocompletion**, **inline errors**, etc:
 <img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image08.png">
 ## Benefits
 When using the automatically generated clients you would **autocompletion** for:
 * Methods.
 * Request payloads in the body, query parameters, etc.
 * Response payloads.
 You would also have **inline errors** for everything.
 And whenever you update the backend code, and **regenerate** the frontend, it would have any new *path operations* available as methods, the old ones removed, and any other change would be reflected on the generated code. 🤓
 This also means that if something changed it will be **reflected** on the client code automatically. And if you **build** the client it will error out if you have any **mismatch** in the data used.
 So, you would **detect many errors** very early in the development cycle instead of having to wait for the errors to show up to your final users in production and then trying to debug where the problem is. ✨
--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/security/oauth2-scopes.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/security/oauth2-scopes.md
@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ In this section you will see how to manage authentication and authorization with
    You don't necessarily need OAuth2 scopes, and you can handle authentication and authorization however you want.
    But OAuth2 with scopes can be nicely integrated into your API (with OpenAPI) and your API docs.
-    
+
    Nevertheless, you still enforce those scopes, or any other security/authorization requirement, however you need, in your code.
    In many cases, OAuth2 with scopes can be an overkill.
-    
+
    But if you know you need it, or you are curious, keep reading.
 ## OAuth2 scopes and OpenAPI
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ They are normally used to declare specific security permissions, for example:
    In OAuth2 a "scope" is just a string that declares a specific permission required.
    It doesn't matter if it has other characters like `:` or if it is a URL.
-    
+
    Those details are implementation specific.
    For OAuth2 they are just strings.
@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ In this case, it requires the scope `me` (it could require more than one scope).
 !!! note
    You don't necessarily need to add different scopes in different places.
-    
+
    We are doing it here to demonstrate how **FastAPI** handles scopes declared at different levels.
 ```Python hl_lines="4  139  166"
--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/sql-databases-peewee.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/sql-databases-peewee.md
@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ Now let's check the file `sql_app/schemas.py`.
    To avoid confusion between the Peewee *models* and the Pydantic *models*, we will have the file `models.py` with the Peewee models, and the file `schemas.py` with the Pydantic models.
    These Pydantic models define more or less a "schema" (a valid data shape).
-    
+
    So this will help us avoiding confusion while using both.
 ### Create the Pydantic *models* / schemas
--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/testing-dependencies.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/testing-dependencies.md
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ To override a dependency for testing, you put as a key the original dependency (
 And then **FastAPI** will call that override instead of the original dependency.
-```Python hl_lines="26-27  30"
+```Python hl_lines="28-29  32"
 {!../../../docs_src/dependency_testing/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
--- a/docs/en/docs/alternatives.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/alternatives.md
@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ It was one of the first extremely fast Python frameworks based on `asyncio`. It
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
    Find a way to have a crazy performance.
-    
+
    That's why **FastAPI** is based on Starlette, as it is the fastest framework available (tested by third-party benchmarks).
 ### <a href="https://falconframework.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Falcon</a>
@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ Now APIStar is a set of tools to validate OpenAPI specifications, not a web fram
    Exist.
    The idea of declaring multiple things (data validation, serialization and documentation) with the same Python types, that at the same time provided great editor support, was something I considered a brilliant idea.
-    
+
    And after searching for a long time for a similar framework and testing many different alternatives, APIStar was the best option available.
    Then APIStar stopped to exist as a server and Starlette was created, and was a new better foundation for such a system. That was the final inspiration to build **FastAPI**.
@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ That's one of the main things that **FastAPI** adds on top, all based on Python
    Handle all the core web parts. Adding features on top.
    The class `FastAPI` itself inherits directly from the class `Starlette`.
-    
+
    So, anything that you can do with Starlette, you can do it directly with **FastAPI**, as it is basically Starlette on steroids.
 ### <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a>
--- a/docs/en/docs/async.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/async.md
@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ The cashier 💁 gives you the number of your turn.
 While you are waiting, you go with your crush 😍 and pick a table, you sit and talk with your crush 😍 for a long time (as your burgers are very fancy and take some time to prepare ✨🍔✨).
-As you are sitting on the table with your crush 😍, while you wait for the burgers 🍔, you can spend that time admiring how awesome, cute and smart your crush is ✨😍✨.
+As you are sitting at the table with your crush 😍, while you wait for the burgers 🍔, you can spend that time admiring how awesome, cute and smart your crush is ✨😍✨.
 While waiting and talking to your crush 😍, from time to time, you check the number displayed on the counter to see if it's your turn already.
@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ Then, when it's your turn, you do actual "productive" work 🤓, you process the
 But then, even though you still don't have your burgers 🍔, your work with the cashier 💁 is "on pause" ⏸, because you have to wait 🕙 for your burgers to be ready.
-But as you go away from the counter and sit on the table with a number for your turn, you can switch 🔀 your attention to your crush 😍, and "work" ⏯ 🤓 on that. Then you are again doing something very "productive" 🤓, as is flirting with your crush 😍.
+But as you go away from the counter and sit at the table with a number for your turn, you can switch 🔀 your attention to your crush 😍, and "work" ⏯ 🤓 on that. Then you are again doing something very "productive" 🤓, as is flirting with your crush 😍.
 Then the cashier 💁 says "I'm finished with doing the burgers" 🍔 by putting your number on the counter's display, but you don't jump like crazy immediately when the displayed number changes to your turn number. You know no one will steal your burgers 🍔 because you have the number of your turn, and they have theirs.
--- a/docs/en/docs/css/custom.css
+++ b/docs/en/docs/css/custom.css
@ -4,10 +4,21 @@
  display: block;
 }
 .termy {
  /* For right to left languages */
  direction: ltr;
 }
 .termy [data-termynal] {
  white-space: pre-wrap;
 }
 a.external-link {
  /* For right to left languages */
  direction: ltr;
  display: inline-block;
 }
 a.external-link::after {
  /* \00A0 is a non-breaking space
        to make the mark be on the same line as the link
@ -94,7 +105,7 @@ a.announce-link:hover {
 .announce-wrapper .sponsor-badge {
  display: block;
  position: absolute;
-  top: -5px;
+  top: -10px;
  right: 0;
  font-size: 0.5rem;
  color: #999;
@ -118,3 +129,13 @@ a.announce-link:hover {
 .twitter {
  color: #00acee;
 }
 /* Right to left languages */
 code {
  direction: ltr;
  display: inline-block;
 }
 .md-content__inner h1 {
  direction: ltr !important;
 }
--- a/docs/en/docs/deployment/docker.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/deployment/docker.md
@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ Successfully installed fastapi pydantic uvicorn
 * Create a `main.py` file with:
 ```Python
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ def read_root():
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ If your FastAPI is a single file, for example, `main.py` without an `./app` dire
 Then you would just have to change the corresponding paths to copy the file inside the `Dockerfile`:
 ```{ .dockerfile .annotate hl_lines="10  13" }
-FROM python:3.9  
+FROM python:3.9
 WORKDIR /code
--- a/docs/en/docs/deployment/manually.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/deployment/manually.md
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ You can install an ASGI compatible server with:
    !!! tip
        By adding the `standard`, Uvicorn will install and use some recommended extra dependencies.
-        
+
        That including `uvloop`, the high-performance drop-in replacement for `asyncio`, that provides the big concurrency performance boost.
 === "Hypercorn"
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ You can install an ASGI compatible server with:
 ## Run the Server Program
-You can then your application the same way you have done in the tutorials, but without the `--reload` option, e.g.:
+You can then run your application the same way you have done in the tutorials, but without the `--reload` option, e.g.:
 === "Uvicorn"
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ You can then your application the same way you have done in the tutorials, but w
    Remember to remove the `--reload` option if you were using it.
    The `--reload` option consumes much more resources, is more unstable, etc.
-    
+
    It helps a lot during **development**, but you **shouldn't** use it in **production**.
 ## Hypercorn with Trio
--- a/docs/en/docs/features.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/features.md
@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ With **FastAPI** you get all of **Pydantic**'s features (as FastAPI is based on
 * Plays nicely with your **<abbr title="Integrated Development Environment, similar to a code editor">IDE</abbr>/<abbr title="A program that checks for code errors">linter</abbr>/brain**:
    * Because pydantic data structures are just instances of classes you define; auto-completion, linting, mypy and your intuition should all work properly with your validated data.
 * **Fast**:
-    * in <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#benchmarks-tag" class="external-link" target="_blank">benchmarks</a> Pydantic is faster than all other tested libraries.
+    * in <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/benchmarks/" class="external-link" target="_blank">benchmarks</a> Pydantic is faster than all other tested libraries.
 * Validate **complex structures**:
    * Use of hierarchical Pydantic models, Python `typing`’s `List` and `Dict`, etc.
    * And validators allow complex data schemas to be clearly and easily defined, checked and documented as JSON Schema.
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/concepts/process-ram.drawio
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/concepts/process-ram.drawio
@ -103,4 +103,4 @@
            </root>
        </mxGraphModel>
    </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/concepts/process-ram.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/concepts/process-ram.svg
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https.drawio
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https.drawio
@ -274,4 +274,4 @@
            </root>
        </mxGraphModel>
    </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https.svg
@ -59,4 +59,4 @@
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1006" width="270" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1041px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">someapp.example.com</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1045" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">someapp.example.com
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1086" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1121px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">another.example.net</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1125" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">another.example.net
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1166" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1201px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">onemore.example.org</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1205" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">onemore.example.org
-</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g><path d="M 1045 891 L 1315 891 L 1335 931 L 1315 971 L 1045 971 L 1025 931 Z" fill="#d5e8d4" stroke="#82b366" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 308px; height: 1px; padding-top: 931px; margin-left: 1026px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><span style="font-family: &quot;roboto&quot; ; font-size: 24px">Decrypted request for: someapp.example.com</span></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="1180" y="935" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">Decrypted request for: someapp.example.com</text></switch></g><path d="M 990 1081 L 1010 1081 L 1010 931 L 1025 931" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="none"/></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
+</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g><path d="M 1045 891 L 1315 891 L 1335 931 L 1315 971 L 1045 971 L 1025 931 Z" fill="#d5e8d4" stroke="#82b366" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 308px; height: 1px; padding-top: 931px; margin-left: 1026px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><span style="font-family: &quot;roboto&quot; ; font-size: 24px">Decrypted request for: someapp.example.com</span></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="1180" y="935" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">Decrypted request for: someapp.example.com</text></switch></g><path d="M 990 1081 L 1010 1081 L 1010 931 L 1025 931" fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="none"/></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https01.drawio
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https01.drawio
@ -75,4 +75,4 @@
            </root>
        </mxGraphModel>
    </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https01.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https01.svg
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https02.drawio
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https02.drawio
@ -107,4 +107,4 @@
            </root>
        </mxGraphModel>
    </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https02.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https02.svg
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https03.drawio
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https03.drawio
@ -128,4 +128,4 @@
            </root>
        </mxGraphModel>
    </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https03.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https03.svg
@ -59,4 +59,4 @@
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1006" width="270" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1041px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">someapp.example.com</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1045" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">someapp.example.com
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1086" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1121px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">another.example.net</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1125" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">another.example.net
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1166" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1201px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">onemore.example.org</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1205" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">onemore.example.org
-</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
+</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https04.drawio
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https04.drawio
@ -149,4 +149,4 @@
            </root>
        </mxGraphModel>
    </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https04.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https04.svg
@ -59,4 +59,4 @@
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1006" width="270" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1041px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">someapp.example.com</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1045" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">someapp.example.com
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1086" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1121px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">another.example.net</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1125" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">another.example.net
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1166" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1201px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">onemore.example.org</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1205" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">onemore.example.org
-</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
+</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https05.drawio
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https05.drawio
@ -163,4 +163,4 @@
            </root>
        </mxGraphModel>
    </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https05.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https05.svg
@ -59,4 +59,4 @@
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1006" width="270" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1041px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">someapp.example.com</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1045" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">someapp.example.com
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1086" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1121px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">another.example.net</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1125" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">another.example.net
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1166" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1201px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">onemore.example.org</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1205" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">onemore.example.org
-</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
+</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https06.drawio
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https06.drawio
@ -180,4 +180,4 @@
            </root>
        </mxGraphModel>
    </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https06.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https06.svg
@ -59,4 +59,4 @@
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1006" width="270" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1041px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">someapp.example.com</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1045" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">someapp.example.com
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1086" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1121px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">another.example.net</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1125" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">another.example.net
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1166" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1201px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">onemore.example.org</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1205" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">onemore.example.org
-</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
+</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https07.drawio
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https07.drawio
@ -200,4 +200,4 @@
            </root>
        </mxGraphModel>
    </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https07.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https07.svg
@ -59,4 +59,4 @@
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1006" width="270" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1041px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">someapp.example.com</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1045" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">someapp.example.com
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1086" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1121px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">another.example.net</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1125" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">another.example.net
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1166" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1201px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">onemore.example.org</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1205" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">onemore.example.org
-</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
+</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https08.drawio
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https08.drawio
@ -214,4 +214,4 @@
            </root>
        </mxGraphModel>
    </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https08.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https08.svg
@ -59,4 +59,4 @@
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1006" width="270" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1041px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">someapp.example.com</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1045" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">someapp.example.com
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1086" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1121px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">another.example.net</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1125" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">another.example.net
 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1166" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1201px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">onemore.example.org</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1205" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">onemore.example.org
-</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
+</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/budget-insight.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/budget-insight.svg
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/classiq-banner.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/classiq-banner.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/classiq.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/classiq.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/doist-banner.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/doist-banner.svg
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/doist.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/doist.svg
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/exoflare.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/exoflare.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/fastapi-course-bundle-banner.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/fastapi-course-bundle-banner.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/imgwhale-banner.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/imgwhale-banner.svg
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/imgwhale.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/imgwhale.svg
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/ines-course.jpg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/ines-course.jpg
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/jina-ai-banner.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/jina-ai-banner.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/jina-ai.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/jina-ai.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/striveworks2.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/striveworks2.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/testdriven.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/testdriven.svg
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/bigger-applications/package.drawio
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/bigger-applications/package.drawio
@ -40,4 +40,4 @@
            </root>
        </mxGraphModel>
    </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/bigger-applications/package.svg
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/bigger-applications/package.svg
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image01.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image01.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image02.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image02.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image03.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image03.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image04.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image04.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image05.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image05.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image06.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image06.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image07.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image07.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image08.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image08.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/index.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/index.md
@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ $ pip install "uvicorn[standard]"
 * Create a file `main.py` with:
 ```Python
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ def read_root():
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
 If your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:
 ```Python hl_lines="9  14"
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ async def read_root():
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.
 Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.
 ```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
-    is_offer: Optional[bool] = None
+    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None
@app.get("/")
@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def read_root():
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
--- a/docs/en/docs/js/termynal.js
+++ b/docs/en/docs/js/termynal.js
@ -72,14 +72,14 @@ class Termynal {
     * Initialise the widget, get lines, clear container and start animation.
     */
    init() {
-        /** 
+        /**
         * Calculates width and height of Termynal container.
         * If container is empty and lines are dynamically loaded, defaults to browser `auto` or CSS.
-         */ 
+         */
        const containerStyle = getComputedStyle(this.container);
-        this.container.style.width = containerStyle.width !== '0px' ? 
+        this.container.style.width = containerStyle.width !== '0px' ?
            containerStyle.width : undefined;
-        this.container.style.minHeight = containerStyle.height !== '0px' ? 
+        this.container.style.minHeight = containerStyle.height !== '0px' ?
            containerStyle.height : undefined;
        this.container.setAttribute('data-termynal', '');
@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class Termynal {
        restart.innerHTML = "restart ↻"
        return restart
    }
-    
+
    generateFinish() {
        const finish = document.createElement('a')
        finish.onclick = (e) => {
@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ class Termynal {
    /**
     * Converts line data objects into line elements.
-     * 
+     *
     * @param {Object[]} lineData - Dynamically loaded lines.
     * @param {Object} line - Line data object.
     * @returns {Element[]} - Array of line elements.
@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class Termynal {
    /**
     * Helper function for generating attributes string.
-     * 
+     *
     * @param {Object} line - Line data object.
     * @returns {string} - String of attributes.
     */
--- a/docs/en/docs/python-types.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/python-types.md
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Calling this program outputs:
 John Doe
 ```
-The function does the following: 
+The function does the following:
 * Takes a `first_name` and `last_name`.
 * Converts the first letter of each one to upper case with `title()`.
@ -317,6 +317,45 @@ This also means that in Python 3.10, you can use `Something | None`:
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
    ```
 #### Using `Union` or `Optional`
 If you are using a Python version below 3.10, here's a tip from my very **subjective** point of view:
 * 🚨 Avoid using `Optional[SomeType]`
 * Instead ✨ **use `Union[SomeType, None]`** ✨.
 Both are equivalent and underneath they are the same, but I would recommend `Union` instead of `Optional` because the word "**optional**" would seem to imply that the value is optional, and it actually means "it can be `None`", even if it's not optional and is still required.
 I think `Union[str, SomeType]` is more explicit about what it means.
 It's just about the words and names. But those words can affect how you and your teammates think about the code.
 As an example, let's take this function:
 ```Python hl_lines="1  4"
 {!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009c.py!}
 ```
 The parameter `name` is defined as `Optional[str]`, but it is **not optional**, you cannot call the function without the parameter:
 ```Python
 say_hi()  # Oh, no, this throws an error! 😱
 ```
 The `name` parameter is **still required** (not *optional*) because it doesn't have a default value. Still, `name` accepts `None` as the value:
 ```Python
 say_hi(name=None)  # This works, None is valid 🎉
 ```
 The good news is, once you are on Python 3.10 you won't have to worry about that, as you will be able to simply use `|` to define unions of types:
 ```Python hl_lines="1  4"
 {!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009c_py310.py!}
 ```
 And then you won't have to worry about names like `Optional` and `Union`. 😎
 #### Generic types
 These types that take type parameters in square brackets are called **Generic types** or **Generics**, for example:
@ -334,14 +373,14 @@ These types that take type parameters in square brackets are called **Generic ty
 === "Python 3.9 and above"
    You can use the same builtin types as generics (with square brakets and types inside):
-    
+
    * `list`
    * `tuple`
    * `set`
    * `dict`
    And the same as with Python 3.6, from the `typing` module:
-    
+
    * `Union`
    * `Optional`
    * ...and others.
@ -354,7 +393,7 @@ These types that take type parameters in square brackets are called **Generic ty
    * `tuple`
    * `set`
    * `dict`
-    
+
    And the same as with Python 3.6, from the `typing` module:
    * `Union`
@ -422,6 +461,9 @@ An example from the official Pydantic docs:
 You will see a lot more of all this in practice in the [Tutorial - User Guide](tutorial/index.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 !!! tip
    Pydantic has a special behavior when you use `Optional` or `Union[Something, None]` without a default value, you can read more about it in the Pydantic docs about <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/models/#required-optional-fields" class="external-link" target="_blank">Required Optional fields</a>.
 ## Type hints in **FastAPI**
 **FastAPI** takes advantage of these type hints to do several things.
--- a/docs/en/docs/release-notes.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/release-notes.md
@ -2,6 +2,266 @@
 ## Latest Changes
 * 🔧 Update sponsors, Striveworks badge. PR [#5179](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5179) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🌐 Add Persian translation for `docs/fa/docs/index.md` and tweak right-to-left CSS. PR [#2395](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/2395) by [@mohsen-mahmoodi](https://github.com/mohsen-mahmoodi).
 ## 0.79.0
 ### Fixes - Breaking Changes
 * 🐛 Fix removing body from status codes that do not support it. PR [#5145](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5145) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
    * Setting `status_code` to `204`, `304`, or any code below `200` (1xx) will remove the body from the response.
    * This fixes an error in Uvicorn that otherwise would be thrown: `RuntimeError: Response content longer than Content-Length`.
    * This removes `fastapi.openapi.constants.STATUS_CODES_WITH_NO_BODY`, it is replaced by a function in utils.
 ### Translations
 * 🌐 Start of Hebrew translation. PR [#5050](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5050) by [@itay-raveh](https://github.com/itay-raveh).
 * 🔧 Add config for Swedish translations notification. PR [#5147](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5147) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🌐 Start of Swedish translation. PR [#5062](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5062) by [@MrRawbin](https://github.com/MrRawbin).
 * 🌐 Add Japanese translation for `docs/ja/docs/advanced/index.md`. PR [#5043](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5043) by [@wakabame](https://github.com/wakabame).
 * 🌐🇵🇱 Add Polish translation for `docs/pl/docs/tutorial/first-steps.md`. PR [#5024](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5024) by [@Valaraucoo](https://github.com/Valaraucoo).
 ### Internal
 * 🔧 Update translations notification for Hebrew. PR [#5158](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5158) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🔧 Update Dependabot commit message. PR [#5156](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5156) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * ⬆ Bump actions/upload-artifact from 2 to 3. PR [#5148](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5148) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * ⬆ Bump actions/cache from 2 to 3. PR [#5149](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5149) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * 🔧 Update sponsors badge configs. PR [#5155](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5155) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 👥 Update FastAPI People. PR [#5154](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5154) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🔧 Update Jina sponsor badges. PR [#5151](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5151) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * ⬆ Bump actions/checkout from 2 to 3. PR [#5133](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5133) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * ⬆ [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. PR [#5030](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5030) by [@pre-commit-ci[bot]](https://github.com/apps/pre-commit-ci).
 * ⬆ Bump nwtgck/actions-netlify from 1.1.5 to 1.2.3. PR [#5132](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5132) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * ⬆ Bump codecov/codecov-action from 2 to 3. PR [#5131](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5131) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * ⬆ Bump dawidd6/action-download-artifact from 2.9.0 to 2.21.1. PR [#5130](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5130) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * ⬆ Bump actions/setup-python from 2 to 4. PR [#5129](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5129) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * 👷 Add Dependabot. PR [#5128](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5128) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * ♻️ Move from `Optional[X]` to `Union[X, None]` for internal utils. PR [#5124](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5124) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🔧 Update sponsors, remove Dropbase, add Doist. PR [#5096](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5096) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🔧 Update sponsors, remove Classiq, add ImgWhale. PR [#5079](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5079) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 ## 0.78.0
 ### Features
 * ✨ Add support for omitting `...` as default value when declaring required parameters with:
 * `Path()`
 * `Query()`
 * `Header()`
 * `Cookie()`
 * `Body()`
 * `Form()`
 * `File()`
 New docs at [Tutorial - Query Parameters and String Validations - Make it required](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#make-it-required). PR [#4906](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4906) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 Up to now, declaring a required parameter while adding additional validation or metadata needed using `...` (Ellipsis).
 For example:
 ```Python
 from fastapi import Cookie, FastAPI, Header, Path, Query
 app = FastAPI()
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
 def main(
    item_id: int = Path(default=..., gt=0),
    query: str = Query(default=..., max_length=10),
    session: str = Cookie(default=..., min_length=3),
    x_trace: str = Header(default=..., title="Tracing header"),
 ):
    return {"message": "Hello World"}
 ```
 ...all these parameters are required because the default value is `...` (Ellipsis).
 But now it's possible and supported to just omit the default value, as would be done with Pydantic fields, and the parameters would still be required.
 ✨ For example, this is now supported:
 ```Python
 from fastapi import Cookie, FastAPI, Header, Path, Query
 app = FastAPI()
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
 def main(
    item_id: int = Path(gt=0),
    query: str = Query(max_length=10),
    session: str = Cookie(min_length=3),
    x_trace: str = Header(title="Tracing header"),
 ):
    return {"message": "Hello World"}
 ```
 To declare parameters as optional (not required), you can set a default value as always, for example using `None`:
 ```Python
 from typing import Union
 from fastapi import Cookie, FastAPI, Header, Path, Query
 app = FastAPI()
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
 def main(
    item_id: int = Path(gt=0),
    query: Union[str, None] = Query(default=None, max_length=10),
    session: Union[str, None] = Cookie(default=None, min_length=3),
    x_trace: Union[str, None] = Header(default=None, title="Tracing header"),
 ):
    return {"message": "Hello World"}
 ```
 ### Docs
 * 📝 Add docs recommending `Union` over `Optional` and migrate source examples. New docs at [Python Types Intro - Using `Union` or `Optional`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/python-types/#using-union-or-optional). PR [#4908](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4908) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🎨 Fix default value as set in tutorial for Path Operations Advanced Configurations. PR [#4899](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4899) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 📝 Add documentation for redefined path operations. PR [#4864](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4864) by [@madkinsz](https://github.com/madkinsz).
 * 📝 Updates links for Celery documentation. PR [#4736](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4736) by [@sammyzord](https://github.com/sammyzord).
 * ✏ Fix example code with sets in tutorial for body nested models. PR [#3030](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3030) by [@hitrust](https://github.com/hitrust).
 * ✏ Fix links to Pydantic docs. PR [#4670](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4670) by [@kinuax](https://github.com/kinuax).
 * 📝 Update docs about Swagger UI self-hosting with newer source links. PR [#4813](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4813) by [@Kastakin](https://github.com/Kastakin).
 * 📝 Add link to external article: Building the Poll App From Django Tutorial With FastAPI And React. PR [#4778](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4778) by [@jbrocher](https://github.com/jbrocher).
 * 📝 Add OpenAPI warning to "Body - Fields" docs with extra schema extensions. PR [#4846](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4846) by [@ml-evs](https://github.com/ml-evs).
 ### Translations
 * 🌐 Fix code examples in Japanese translation for `docs/ja/docs/tutorial/testing.md`. PR [#4623](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4623) by [@hirotoKirimaru](https://github.com/hirotoKirimaru).
 ### Internal
 * ♻ Refactor dict value extraction to minimize key lookups `fastapi/utils.py`. PR [#3139](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3139) by [@ShahriyarR](https://github.com/ShahriyarR).
 * ✅ Add tests for required nonable parameters and body fields. PR [#4907](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4907) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 👷 Fix installing Material for MkDocs Insiders in CI. PR [#4897](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4897) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 👷 Add pre-commit CI instead of custom GitHub Action. PR [#4896](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4896) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 👷 Add pre-commit GitHub Action workflow. PR [#4895](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4895) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 📝 Add dark mode auto switch to docs based on OS preference. PR [#4869](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4869) by [@ComicShrimp](https://github.com/ComicShrimp).
 * 🔥 Remove un-used old pending tests, already covered in other places. PR [#4891](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4891) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🔧 Add Python formatting hooks to pre-commit. PR [#4890](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4890) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🔧 Add pre-commit with first config and first formatting pass. PR [#4888](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4888) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 👷 Disable CI installing Material for MkDocs in forks. PR [#4410](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4410) by [@dolfinus](https://github.com/dolfinus).
 ## 0.77.1
 ### Upgrades
 * ⬆ Upgrade Starlette from 0.19.0 to 0.19.1. PR [#4819](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4819) by [@Kludex](https://github.com/Kludex).
 ### Docs
 * 📝 Add link to german article: REST-API Programmieren mittels Python und dem FastAPI Modul. PR [#4624](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4624) by [@fschuermeyer](https://github.com/fschuermeyer).
 * 📝 Add external link: PyCharm Guide to FastAPI. PR [#4512](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4512) by [@mukulmantosh](https://github.com/mukulmantosh).
 * 📝 Add external link to article: Building an API with FastAPI and Supabase and Deploying on Deta. PR [#4440](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4440) by [@aUnicornDev](https://github.com/aUnicornDev).
 * ✏ Fix small typo in `docs/en/docs/tutorial/security/first-steps.md`. PR [#4515](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4515) by [@KikoIlievski](https://github.com/KikoIlievski).
 ### Translations
 * 🌐 Add Polish translation for `docs/pl/docs/tutorial/index.md`. PR [#4516](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4516) by [@MKaczkow](https://github.com/MKaczkow).
 * ✏ Fix typo in deployment. PR [#4629](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4629) by [@raisulislam541](https://github.com/raisulislam541).
 * 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/pt/docs/help-fastapi.md`. PR [#4583](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4583) by [@mateusjs](https://github.com/mateusjs).
 ### Internal
 * 🔧 Add notifications in issue for Uzbek translations. PR [#4884](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4884) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 ## 0.77.0
 ### Upgrades
 * ⬆ Upgrade Starlette from 0.18.0 to 0.19.0. PR [#4488](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4488) by [@Kludex](https://github.com/Kludex).
    * When creating an explicit `JSONResponse` the `content` argument is now required.
 ### Docs
 * 📝 Add external link to article: Seamless FastAPI Configuration with ConfZ. PR [#4414](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4414) by [@silvanmelchior](https://github.com/silvanmelchior).
 * 📝 Add external link to article: 5 Advanced Features of FastAPI You Should Try. PR [#4436](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4436) by [@kaustubhgupta](https://github.com/kaustubhgupta).
 * ✏ Reword to improve legibility of docs about `TestClient`. PR [#4389](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4389) by [@rgilton](https://github.com/rgilton).
 * 📝 Add external link to blog post about Kafka, FastAPI, and Ably. PR [#4044](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4044) by [@Ugbot](https://github.com/Ugbot).
 * ✏ Fix typo in `docs/en/docs/tutorial/sql-databases.md`. PR [#4875](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4875) by [@wpyoga](https://github.com/wpyoga).
 * ✏ Fix typo in `docs/en/docs/async.md`. PR [#4726](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4726) by [@Prezu](https://github.com/Prezu).
 ### Translations
 * 🌐 Update source example highlights for `docs/zh/docs/tutorial/query-params-str-validations.md`. PR [#4237](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4237) by [@caimaoy](https://github.com/caimaoy).
 * 🌐 Remove translation docs references to aiofiles as it's no longer needed since AnyIO. PR [#3594](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3594) by [@alonme](https://github.com/alonme).
 * ✏ 🌐 Fix typo in Portuguese translation for `docs/pt/docs/tutorial/path-params.md`. PR [#4722](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4722) by [@CleoMenezesJr](https://github.com/CleoMenezesJr).
 * 🌐 Fix live docs server for translations for some languages. PR [#4729](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4729) by [@wakabame](https://github.com/wakabame).
 * 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/pt/docs/tutorial/cookie-params.md`. PR [#4112](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4112) by [@lbmendes](https://github.com/lbmendes).
 * 🌐 Fix French translation for `docs/tutorial/body.md`. PR [#4332](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4332) by [@Smlep](https://github.com/Smlep).
 * 🌐 Add Japanese translation for `docs/ja/docs/advanced/conditional-openapi.md`. PR [#2631](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/2631) by [@sh0nk](https://github.com/sh0nk).
 * 🌐 Fix Japanese translation of `docs/ja/docs/tutorial/body.md`. PR [#3062](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3062) by [@a-takahashi223](https://github.com/a-takahashi223).
 * 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/pt/docs/tutorial/background-tasks.md`. PR [#2170](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/2170) by [@izaguerreiro](https://github.com/izaguerreiro).
 * 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/deployment/deta.md`. PR [#4442](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4442) by [@lsglucas](https://github.com/lsglucas).
 * 🌐 Add Russian translation for `docs/async.md`. PR [#4036](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4036) by [@Winand](https://github.com/Winand).
 * 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/tutorial/body.md`. PR [#3960](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3960) by [@leandrodesouzadev](https://github.com/leandrodesouzadev).
 * 🌐 Add Portuguese translation of `tutorial/extra-data-types.md`. PR [#4077](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4077) by [@luccasmmg](https://github.com/luccasmmg).
 * 🌐 Update German translation for `docs/features.md`. PR [#3905](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3905) by [@jomue](https://github.com/jomue).
 ## 0.76.0
 ### Upgrades
 * ⬆ Upgrade Starlette from 0.17.1 to 0.18.0. PR [#4483](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4483) by [@Kludex](https://github.com/Kludex).
 ### Internal
 * 👥 Update FastAPI People. PR [#4847](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4847) by [@github-actions[bot]](https://github.com/apps/github-actions).
 * 🔧 Add Budget Insight sponsor. PR [#4824](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4824) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🍱 Update sponsor, ExoFlare badge. PR [#4822](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4822) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🔧 Update sponsors, enable Dropbase again, update TalkPython link. PR [#4821](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4821) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 ## 0.75.2
 This release includes upgrades to third-party packages that handle security issues. Although there's a chance these issues don't affect you in particular, please upgrade as soon as possible.
 ### Fixes
 * ✅ Fix new/recent tests with new fixed `ValidationError` JSON Schema. PR [#4806](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4806) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🐛 Fix JSON Schema for `ValidationError` at field `loc`. PR [#3810](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3810) by [@dconathan](https://github.com/dconathan).
 * 🐛 Fix support for prefix on APIRouter WebSockets. PR [#2640](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/2640) by [@Kludex](https://github.com/Kludex).
 ### Upgrades
 * ⬆️ Update ujson ranges for CVE-2021-45958. PR [#4804](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4804) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * ⬆️ Upgrade dependencies upper range for extras "all". PR [#4803](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4803) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * ⬆ Upgrade Swagger UI - swagger-ui-dist@4. This handles a security issue in Swagger UI itself where it could be possible to inject HTML into Swagger UI. Please upgrade as soon as you can, in particular if you expose your Swagger UI (`/docs`) publicly to non-expert users. PR [#4347](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4347) by [@RAlanWright](https://github.com/RAlanWright).
 ### Internal
 * 🔧 Update sponsors, add: ExoFlare, Ines Course; remove: Dropbase, Vim.so, Calmcode; update: Striveworks, TalkPython and TestDriven.io. PR [#4805](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4805) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * ⬆️ Upgrade Codecov GitHub Action. PR [#4801](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4801) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 ## 0.75.1
 ### Translations
 * 🌐 Start Dutch translations. PR [#4703](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4703) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🌐 Start Persian/Farsi translations. PR [#4243](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4243) by [@aminalaee](https://github.com/aminalaee).
 * ✏ Reword sentence about handling errors. PR [#1993](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1993) by [@khuhroproeza](https://github.com/khuhroproeza).
 ### Internal
 * 👥 Update FastAPI People. PR [#4752](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4752) by [@github-actions[bot]](https://github.com/apps/github-actions).
 * ➖ Temporarily remove typer-cli from dependencies and upgrade Black to unblock Pydantic CI. PR [#4754](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4754) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🔧 Add configuration to notify Dutch translations. PR [#4702](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4702) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 👥 Update FastAPI People. PR [#4699](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4699) by [@github-actions[bot]](https://github.com/apps/github-actions).
 * 🐛 Fix FastAPI People generation to include missing file in commit. PR [#4695](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4695) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🔧 Update Classiq sponsor links. PR [#4688](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4688) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🔧 Add Classiq sponsor. PR [#4671](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4671) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 📝 Add Jina's QA Bot to the docs to help people that want to ask quick questions. PR [#4655](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4655) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo) based on original PR [#4626](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4626) by [@hanxiao](https://github.com/hanxiao).
 ## 0.75.0
 ### Features
 * ✨ Add support for custom `generate_unique_id_function` and docs for generating clients. New docs: [Advanced - Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/). PR [#4650](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4650) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 ## 0.74.1
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/background-tasks.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/background-tasks.md
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ You can see more details in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/background/" class
 ## Caveat
-If you need to perform heavy background computation and you don't necessarily need it to be run by the same process (for example, you don't need to share memory, variables, etc), you might benefit from using other bigger tools like <a href="https://docs.celeryproject.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">Celery</a>.
+If you need to perform heavy background computation and you don't necessarily need it to be run by the same process (for example, you don't need to share memory, variables, etc), you might benefit from using other bigger tools like <a href="https://docs.celeryq.dev" class="external-link" target="_blank">Celery</a>.
 They tend to require more complex configurations, a message/job queue manager, like RabbitMQ or Redis, but they allow you to run background tasks in multiple processes, and especially, in multiple servers.
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md
@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ from app.routers import items, users
    ```Python
    from .routers import items, users
    ```
-    
+
    The second version is an "absolute import":
    ```Python
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body-fields.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body-fields.md
@ -57,6 +57,10 @@ You can declare extra information in `Field`, `Query`, `Body`, etc. And it will
 You will learn more about adding extra information later in the docs, when learning to declare examples.
 !!! warning
    Extra keys passed to `Field` will also be present in the resulting OpenAPI schema for your application.
    As these keys may not necessarily be part of the OpenAPI specification, some OpenAPI tools, for example [the OpenAPI validator](https://validator.swagger.io/), may not work with your generated schema.
 ## Recap
 You can use Pydantic's `Field` to declare extra validations and metadata for model attributes.
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body-multiple-params.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body-multiple-params.md
@ -89,13 +89,13 @@ But you can instruct **FastAPI** to treat it as another body key using `Body`:
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="23"
+    ```Python hl_lines="22"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/body_multiple_params/tutorial003.py!}
    ```
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="21"
+    ```Python hl_lines="20"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/body_multiple_params/tutorial003_py310.py!}
    ```
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ Of course, you can also declare additional query parameters whenever you need, a
 As, by default, singular values are interpreted as query parameters, you don't have to explicitly add a `Query`, you can just do:
 ```Python
-q: Optional[str] = None
+q: Union[str, None] = None
 ```
 Or in Python 3.10 and above:
@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ For example:
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="28"
+    ```Python hl_lines="27"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/body_multiple_params/tutorial004.py!}
    ```
@ -152,7 +152,6 @@ For example:
 !!! info
    `Body` also has all the same extra validation and metadata parameters as `Query`,`Path` and others you will see later.
 ## Embed a single body parameter
 Let's say you only have a single `item` body parameter from a Pydantic model `Item`.
@ -162,7 +161,7 @@ By default, **FastAPI** will then expect its body directly.
 But if you want it to expect a JSON with a key `item` and inside of it the model contents, as it does when you declare extra body parameters, you can use the special `Body` parameter `embed`:
 ```Python
-item: Item = Body(..., embed=True)
+item: Item = Body(embed=True)
 ```
 as in:
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body-nested-models.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body-nested-models.md
@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ In this case, you would accept any `dict` as long as it has `int` keys with `flo
    But Pydantic has automatic data conversion.
    This means that, even though your API clients can only send strings as keys, as long as those strings contain pure integers, Pydantic will convert them and validate them.
-    
+
    And the `dict` you receive as `weights` will actually have `int` keys and `float` values.
 ## Recap
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body.md
@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ But you would get the same editor support with <a href="https://www.jetbrains.co
    If you use <a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/" class="external-link" target="_blank">PyCharm</a> as your editor, you can use the <a href="https://github.com/koxudaxi/pydantic-pycharm-plugin/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic PyCharm Plugin</a>.
    It improves editor support for Pydantic models, with:
-    
+
    * auto-completion
    * type checks
    * refactoring
@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ The function parameters will be recognized as follows:
 !!! note
    FastAPI will know that the value of `q` is not required because of the default value `= None`.
-    The `Optional` in `Optional[str]` is not used by FastAPI, but will allow your editor to give you better support and detect errors.
+    The `Union` in `Union[str, None]` is not used by FastAPI, but will allow your editor to give you better support and detect errors.
 ## Without Pydantic
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/classes-as-dependencies.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/classes-as-dependencies.md
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ Pay attention to the `__init__` method used to create the instance of the class:
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="8"
+    ```Python hl_lines="9"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial001.py!}
    ```
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield.md
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ To do this, use `yield` instead of `return`, and write the extra steps after.
 !!! note "Technical Details"
    Any function that is valid to use with:
-    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" class="external-link" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or 
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" class="external-link" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or
    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.asynccontextmanager" class="external-link" target="_blank">`@contextlib.asynccontextmanager`</a>
    would be valid to use as a **FastAPI** dependency.
@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ You can also use them inside of **FastAPI** dependencies with `yield` by using
 !!! tip
    Another way to create a context manager is with:
-    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" class="external-link" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or 
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" class="external-link" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or
    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.asynccontextmanager" class="external-link" target="_blank">`@contextlib.asynccontextmanager`</a>
    using them to decorate a function with a single `yield`.
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/index.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/index.md
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ It is just a function that can take all the same parameters that a *path operati
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="8-9"
+    ```Python hl_lines="8-11"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial001.py!}
    ```
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ The same way you use `Body`, `Query`, etc. with your *path operation function* p
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="13  18"
+    ```Python hl_lines="15  20"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial001.py!}
    ```
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies.md
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Then we can use the dependency with:
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
-    ```Python hl_lines="21"
+    ```Python hl_lines="22"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial005.py!}
    ```
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/extra-data-types.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/extra-data-types.md
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Here are some of the additional data types you can use:
 * `datetime.timedelta`:
    * A Python `datetime.timedelta`.
    * In requests and responses will be represented as a `float` of total seconds.
-    * Pydantic also allows representing it as a "ISO 8601 time diff encoding", <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#json-serialisation" class="external-link" target="_blank">see the docs for more info</a>.
+    * Pydantic also allows representing it as a "ISO 8601 time diff encoding", <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/exporting_models/#json_encoders" class="external-link" target="_blank">see the docs for more info</a>.
 * `frozenset`:
    * In requests and responses, treated the same as a `set`:
        * In requests, a list will be read, eliminating duplicates and converting it to a `set`.
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md
@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ path -> item_id
 !!! warning
    These are technical details that you might skip if it's not important for you now.
-`RequestValidationError` is a sub-class of Pydantic's <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#error-handling" class="external-link" target="_blank">`ValidationError`</a>.
+`RequestValidationError` is a sub-class of Pydantic's <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/models/#error-handling" class="external-link" target="_blank">`ValidationError`</a>.
 **FastAPI** uses it so that, if you use a Pydantic model in `response_model`, and your data has an error, you will see the error in your log.
@ -252,9 +252,7 @@ from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
 ### Re-use **FastAPI**'s exception handlers
-You could also just want to use the exception somehow, but then use the same default exception handlers from **FastAPI**.
+If you want to use the exception along with the same default exception handlers from  **FastAPI**, You can import and re-use the default exception handlers from `fastapi.exception_handlers`:
 You can import and re-use the default exception handlers from `fastapi.exception_handlers`:
 ```Python hl_lines="2-5  15  21"
 {!../../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial006.py!}
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations.md
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ It doesn't matter for **FastAPI**. It will detect the parameters by their names,
 So, you can declare your function as:
-```Python hl_lines="8"
+```Python hl_lines="7"
 {!../../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial002.py!}
 ```
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Pass `*`, as the first parameter of the function.
 Python won't do anything with that `*`, but it will know that all the following parameters should be called as keyword arguments (key-value pairs), also known as <abbr title="From: K-ey W-ord Arg-uments"><code>kwargs</code></abbr>. Even if they don't have a default value.
-```Python hl_lines="8"
+```Python hl_lines="7"
 {!../../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial003.py!}
 ```